I-US ichitha ukutholakala kwe-EPA engozini yamagesi abamba ukushisa

I-United States isithuthele ekuqedeni ukutholwa kobungozi kwe-EPA kwango-2009, okuyisinqumo esiyisisekelo somthetho sokuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa aba usongo empilweni yomphakathi nasenhlalakahleni. Lokhu kubuyiselwa emuva kokulawula okushanelayo kudiliza ngokuyisisekelo ukwakheka okusemthethweni okusekela amashumi eminyaka enqubomgomo yesimo sezulu yenhlangano futhi kuvula umnyango wezinguquko ezinkulu kuyo yonke imikhakha yamandla, ezokuthutha, kanye nezimboni.

Iyini Ukuthola Ubungozi Be-EPA Futhi Kungani Bekubalulekile?

Okutholwe engozini ye-EPA, eyakhishwa ngokusemthethweni ngoDisemba 2009, kwakuyisinqumo sesayensi nezomthetho sokuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa ayisithupha - okuhlanganisa i-carbon dioxide ne-methane - abeka engozini impilo yomphakathi kanye nenhlalakahle yezizukulwane zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Okutholakele kwaba umphumela oqondile wesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-2007 esiyingqopha-mlando se-Massachusetts v. EPA, esasiphethe ukuthi amagesi abamba ukushisa afaneleka njengokungcola komoya ngaphansi kwe-Clean Air Act.

Ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, ukutholwa kobungozi bekuyisisekelo esisemthethweni cishe kuyo yonke imithetho emikhulu yesimo sezulu. Ngaphandle kwayo, i-EPA yayingenalo igunya elingokomthetho lokulawula ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa okuvela ezimotweni, izimboni zikagesi, noma izikhungo zezimboni. Imithetho elawula izindinganiso zokonga uphethiloli, Uhlelo Lwezamandla Ahlanzekile, kanye nemikhawulo yokukhipha umoya wezimboni ezintsha zikagesi konke kulandelele uhlu lwazo olusemthethweni lubuyela emuva kulokhu kunqunywa okukodwa kokuphatha. Ngakho-ke ukuchithwa kwayo akugcini nje ngokulungisa inqubomgomo eyodwa - kudonsa isisekelo ngaphansi kwayo yonke i-ecosystem elawulayo.

Ukuchithwa Kuyithinta Kanjani Imithetho Yesimo Sezulu Yesifunda?

Imiphumela yokuhoxisa ukutholakala kobungozi kuqubuka kuzo zonke izizinda ezilawulayo eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ama-ejensi kahulumeni abethembele ekutholeni njengezizathu ezingokomthetho zemithetho ekhishwayo manje asebenza endaweni esemthethweni engaqinisekile. Ukuchithwa kudala isikhala esisheshayo lapho imithetho ekhona yesimo sezulu ibhekene nokuba sengozini kwezomthetho, futhi imithetho yesikhathi esizayo eqondiswe ekukhiqizweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ilahlekelwa isisekelo sayo esingokomthetho.

• Amazinga okukhishwa kwezimoto: Amazinga omnotho wamafutha kanye negesi ebamba ukushisa ezimotweni namaloli, eboshelwe isikhathi eside ekutholakaleni kokuba sengozini, abhekane nokubuyiselwa emuva okungaba khona noma inselele yezomthetho.
• Imithetho yesikhungo samandla: Imithetho ekhawulela ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ezimbonini zamalahle negesi yemvelo ilahlekelwa isisekelo sayo esiyinhloko esingokomthetho, imisa ngempumelelo igunya likahulumeni phezu kwesimo sezulu somkhakha kagesi.
• Izimvume zezimboni: Imikhawulo yegesi ebamba ukushisa eshumekwe ezinhlelweni zokuvumela umoya wenhlangano ingase isuswe, kuncishiswe ukugadwa kwezimboni ezinkulu ezikhipha umoya.
• Izibophezelo zamazwe ngamazwe: Ikhono le-United States lokuphoqelela ngokukholakala okuhlosiwe kwesimo sezulu sasekhaya ngokuhambisana nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe lenziwa buthaka kakhulu ngaphandle kwezindinganiso zenhlangano eziphoqelelayo.
• Ukwehlukana kwezinga lombuso: Amazwe anezinhlaka zawo zesimo sezulu - induna yase-California phakathi kwawo - cishe azosheshisa isenzo sokulawula esizimele, akhiqize indawo yezwe ehlukene.

"Ukuthola ubungozi akukaze kube umbhalo waphansi olawulayo - bekuyi-DNA esemthethweni yenqubomgomo yesimo sezulu yaseMelika. Ukuchithwa kwakho akuguquli imithetho nje kuphela; kusula incwadi yomthetho."

Iyini Imithelela Yezomnotho Nebhizinisi Yalokhu Kuhlehliswa?

Emabhizinisini aseMelika, ukuchithwa kudala kokubili ukukhululeka kokulawula okuseduze kanye nokungaqiniseki kwesu lesikhathi eside. Izimboni ezidinga amandla amakhulu - okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, ukuhamba ngezindiza, kanye namakhemikhali e-petrochemicals - zingase zibhekane nezindleko zokuthobela imithetho ye-federal esikhathini esifushane. Kodwa-ke, izinkampani ezinochungechunge lwempahla yomhlaba wonke noma abatshalizimali abangaphansi kwezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ze-ESG zisazobhekana nengcindezi evela kwimithetho yokulawula yaphesheya kwezilwandle, abanikazi bamasheya bezikhungo, kanye nokulindelwe ngabathengi.

Umphakathi wamabhizinisi manje usuzulazula eqinisweni eliphindwe kabili: izibopho ezincishisiwe zemvelo zezwe ngaphakathi, kuyilapho izimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimakethe ezizimele zinyusa amanani ezingozi zesimo sezulu ezinqumweni zokuxhasa ngezimali. Izinkampani ezakhe amasu okusimama ezikhathini zokulawula zenhlangano manje kufanele zilinganise kabusha lezo zinhlelo ngokuphendula inkambiso yenqubomgomo yasekhaya eguqulelwe ngokuyisisekelo. Kosomabhizinisi nabaqhubi bebhizinisi abaphethe imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, enezici eziningi, lolu hlobo lokuguquguquka kwenqubomgomo lugcizelela ukuthi kungani amathuluzi okuphatha ibhizinisi abekwe endaweni eyodwa, aguquguqukayo engasakhetheki - abalulekile.

Kulindeleke Ukuthi Izizwe Nezinselele Zezomthetho Ziphendule Kanjani?

Ukuchithwa kucishe kuqiniseke ukuthi kuzoqalisa igagasi lezinselelo zomthetho. Amaqembu ezemvelo, abameli bombuso jikelele, kanye nabameli bezempilo yomphakathi kulindeleke ukuthi baphikisane ngokuthi i-EPA ayinalo igunya lokumane ihoxise okutholwe yisayensi ngaphandle kobufakazi obuqinile. Izinkantolo cishe zizocubungula ukuthi ingabe i-ejensi ilandele izinqubo zokuphatha ezidingekayo - okuhlanganisa izikhathi zokuphawula komphakathi kanye nencazelo ecatshangelwayo - ekwenzeni ukubuyisela emuva.

Ezingeni lesifundazwe, e-California, eNew York, kanye nomfelandawonye wezifundazwe ezihambisana nesimo sezulu basayine inhloso yabo yokusebenzisa igunya lezwe elikhona ukugcwalisa isikhala sokulawula. Isiphathimandla sokuyekelela sase-California ngaphansi kwe-Clean Air Act, esivumela ukuthi sibeke izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kunezisekelo zombuso, siba nomthelela nakakhulu enkathini yokuthola ubungozi. Lokhu kwehlukana kwenhlangano kahulumeni kudala ubunzima bokuthobelana kumabhizinisi asebenza ezindaweni eziningi, okudinga ubuhlakani obukhulu benhlangano kanye nobuhlakani besikhathi sangempela bokulawula.

Kusho Ukuthini Lokhu Ngekusasa Lenqubomgomo Yesimo Sezulu YaseMelika?

Ukuchithwa kumelela ushintsho olubalulekile lwesakhiwo kunokulungiswa kwenqubomgomo yesikhashana. Ukuyihlehlisa kuzodinga ukuthi abaphathi abasha baqale kabusha inqubo yokuthola ubungozi - umsebenzi weminyaka eminingi - noma isinyathelo sekhongolose ukuze kuhlanganiswe umthethonqubo wegesi ebamba ukushisa ube ngumthetho ngqo. Ayikho indlela eqondile esimweni samanje sezombusazwe. Isinqumo sibheja ngempumelelo ukuthi ukubusa kwesimo sezulu e-United States kuzoqhutshwa amandla emakethe, inqubomgomo yezwe, kanye nokuguquguquka kokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe esikhundleni somthetho wombuso wesikhathi esizayo esibonakalayo.

Kumabhizinisi, abatshalizimali, nabenzi benqubomgomo, lokhu kudinga ukulinganiswa kabusha kokuqagela kokuhlela kwesikhathi eside. Izinhlangano ezishumeke ukuthobelana kwesimo sezulu kumephu yemigwaqo yokusebenza kwazo kufanele manje zihlole ukuthi ukususwa kwegunya lenhlangano kushintsha kanjani ukuchayeka kwabo engozini, izibopho zabathintekayo, kanye nokuma kwabo ngokuncintisana.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ingabe ukutholakala kwe-EPA engozini kungabuyiselwa ngokusemthethweni esikhathini esizayo?

Yebo, abaphathi besikhathi esizayo bangaphinda baqalise inqubo yokwenza umthetho ukuze baphinde batholakale engozini, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo kungadinga ukulandela inqubo egcwele yesaziso kanye nokubeka amazwana ngaphansi koMthetho Wenqubo Yokuphatha. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuthatha iminyaka embalwa futhi kungaphansi kwenselelo yezomthetho, okusho ukuthi ukubuyisela akuwona umphumela osheshayo noma oqinisekisiwe.

Ingabe ukuchithwa kuqeda konke ukulawulwa kwe-federal greenhouse gas?

Hhayi ngokushesha. Nakuba ukuchithwa kususa isisekelo esingokomthetho semithetho ye-EPA yegesi ebamba ukushisa, imithetho ekhona ihlala ikhona kuze kube yilapho ihoxiswa ngokusemthethweni ngokumiswa kwemithetho ehlukene. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuthola ubungozi, leyo mithetho isengozini kakhulu ngokomthetho futhi kulindeleke ukuthi iqondiswe ekubuyiselweni emuva ezenzweni zokulawula ezilandelayo.

Amabhizinisi kufanele ajwayelane kanjani namasu awo okuthobela ukuze aphendule?

Amabhizinisi kufanele abeke phambili ukuqapha okulawula kuwo womabili amaleveli esifunda, aphinde ahlole izikhathi ezimisiwe zokuthobela imvelo, futhi atshale imali kumathuluzi okusebenza amaphakathi avumela ukulungiswa kwamasu okusheshayo. Uma kubhekwa ijubane lokushintsha kwemithetho, ukuba nenkundla yokuphatha ibhizinisi ebumbene enikeza ukucaciseleka kuyo yonke iminyango kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze uhlale uphambi kwezidingo zokushintsha.

Esikhathini sokusheshisa ukuguquguquka kwenqubomgomo, amabhizinisi adinga ubuhlakani bokusebenza ukuze azivumelanise nezimo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umfutho. I-Mewayz ikunikeza isistimu yokusebenza yebhizinisi engamamojula angu-207 — ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela kubaphathi beqembu ukuya ekulandeleleni ukuthobela imithetho — esetshenziswa amabhizinisi angaphezu kuka-138,000 emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlelo ziqala nje ku-$19/ngenyanga.

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