Ama-athomu ase-Rydberg athola amasignali acacile avela kumsakazo ophathwa ngesandla

Abamukeli Be-Quantum Basanda Kuthatha Isiginali ye-Walkie-Talkie — Futhi Lokho Kushintsha Yonke Into

Emashumini eminyaka, ukuxhumana ngerediyo kuncike kubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obufanayo: izinti zensimbi eziguqula amaza kagesi abe amasignali kagesi. Iyasebenza, kepha iza nemikhawulo eqinile yomzimba - imikhawulo kasayizi, imikhawulo yemvamisa, kanye nokuba sengozini kokuphazamiseka. Manje, abacwaningi babonise okuthile okungabhala kabusha imithetho ngokuphelele. Besebenzisa ama-athomu ase-Rydberg - ama-athomu anama-electron ajatshuliswa ezifundazweni zamandla aphakeme ngendlela engavamile - ososayensi bathole ngempumelelo amasignali acacile, aqondakalayo asakazwa emsakazweni ophethwe ngesandla. Lokhu akukhona ukuthuthukiswa kwelebhu encane. Iwubufakazi bomqondo wokuthi i-quantum physics ingashintsha ubuchwepheshe be-antenna yekhulu leminyaka ngokuthile okuphakeme kakhulu, futhi imithelela isuka kwezokuxhumana kwezokuvikela iye endleleni amabhizinisi ansuku zonke aphatha ngayo imisebenzi yawo nokuxhumana.

Ayini Ama-athomu ase-Rydberg futhi Kungani Kufanele Ukhathalele?

I-athomu yase-Rydberg i-athomu lapho i-electron eyodwa noma amaningi ejabulele inombolo ye-quantum eyinhloko ephezulu kakhulu - ngezinye izikhathi ifinyelela amanani angu-50, 100, noma ngaphezulu. Kulawa mazinga, i-electron izungeza ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka ku-nucleus ngokuhlobene nesimo sayo esiphansi, okwenza i-athomu ibe nomuzwa ongavamile kumasimu kagesi angaphandle. I-athomu eyodwa yase-Rydberg ingaba nkulu ngokuphindwe ka-10,000 kune-athomu yezwe eliphansi, futhi ukuzwela kwayo esikalini semisebe kazibuthe kagesi kakhulu ngalowo sayizi.

Lokhu kuzwela yikho okwenza ama-athomu ase-Rydberg athandeke njengezamukeli zomsakazo. Ama-antenna endabuko kufanele alingane ngokomzimba ukuze afane nobude begagasi ababutholayo - umgoqo oyisisekelo okhawulela ukwenziwa kancane kanye nokwamukela i-broadband. Ama-athomu aseRydberg akweqa lokhu ngokuphelele. Ingqamuzana lomhwamuko elincane kunebhokisi likamentshisi, eligcwaliswe ngama-athomu e-cesium noma e-rubidium ajatshuliswe ama-laser anembile, angathola amasignali ebangeni lemvamisa ukusuka ku-kilohertz ukuya ku-terahertz. Embukisweni wakamuva, abacwaningi bashune isamukeli sabo sase-Rydberg ukuze bathathe isignali yebhendi ye-VHF emsakazweni ophathwa ngesandla osebenza cishe ngo-150 MHz - imvamisa esetshenziswa abaphenduli bokuqala, ezondiza, kanye nezinhlelo zemisakazo yebhizinisi ezingenakubalwa emhlabeni wonke.

Isiginali ayitholakalanga nje njengedatha eluhlaza. Yehliswa futhi yakhiqizwa kabusha njengomsindo ocacile, okufakazela ukuthi abamukelayo abasekelwe e-Rydberg bangasebenza njengamathuluzi okuxhumana asebenzayo, hhayi nje izinto ezingaziwa zaselabhorethri.

Kungani Lokhu Kuvela Kubaluleke Kakhulu Kunamademo Angaphambili Enzwa Ye-Quantum

Inzwa ye-Quantum ikhiqize izihloko zezindaba ezihlaba umxhwele ngaphambilini, kodwa imibukiso eminingi ibikhona ezindaweni ezilawulwa ngokuqinile ezinezimo ezifanele. Okwenza lo mphumela uhluke wukusebenza kwawo emhlabeni wangempela. Umsakazo ophathwa ngesandla ucishe ube isidlulisi esijwayelekile njengoba ungasithola - amandla ebhethri, ahlangene, asebenza ngamaleveli ajwayelekile wamandla okuhweba ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-1 no-5 watts. Iqiniso lokuthi isamukeli se-athomu sase-Rydberg singakwazi ukukhipha isignali esebenzisekayo kudivayisi evamile enjalo ibonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buhamba ngaphezu kobufakazi besimiso bubheke ekusebenzeni konjiniyela kwangempela.

Amasistimu e-antenna endabuko ahlushwa imikhawulo embalwa eyaziwa kakhulu abamukeli base-Rydberg abangayinqoba:

• Ukuhlanganisa usayizi-imvamisa: Izinti ezivamile kufanele zibe ingxenye enkulu yobude begagasi eliqondiwe, okwenza ukwamukela kwefrikhwensi ephansi kudinga izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibonakalayo. Abamukeli be-Rydberg basusa ukutholwa kusayizi womzimba ngokuphelele.
• Izingqinamba zomkhawulokudonsa: Izinti eziningi zishunwe ukuze zibe ngamabhendi amancane. Ama-athomu ase-Rydberg angashunwa ku-spectrum enkulu kalula nje ngokulungisa amaza e-laser, avumele ukwamukela i-broadband echazwe yisofthiwe.
• Ukuphazamiseka kazibuthe: Izinti zensimbi zithatha umsindo kuma-electronics aseduze nezakhiwo. Izamukeli zase-Rydberg zisebenzisa i-optical readout, okuzenza zingavikeleki ngokwemvelo ezinhlotsheni eziningi zokuphazanyiswa kukazibuthe.
• Ukukhukhuleka kokulinganisa: Abamukeli abavamile badinga ukulinganisa ngezikhathi ezithile ngokumelene namazinga okubhekisela. Ama-athomu ase-Rydberg ahlinzeka ngezilinganiso zokuzilinganisa ezilandelekayo kuma-athomu aqinile, anikeza ukunemba kokulinganisa okungaphansi kuka-1% ngaphandle kwezinkomba zangaphandle.

Lezi zinzuzo zichaza ukuthi kungani izinhlangano ezisuka ku-DARPA kuya kumalebhu ezokuxhumana zezentengiso zitshale imali eningi ocwaningweni lwe-athomu yase-Rydberg eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, noxhaso oluhlanganisiwe ludlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100 emhlabeni jikelele kusukela ngo-2020.

Kusuka Kumalebhu E-Physics kuya Ekusetshenzisweni Kwezinkundla: Izinselele Zobunjiniyela Ezisengaphambili

Naphezu kwesasasa, izithiyo ezinkulu zobunjiniyela zisekhona ngaphambi kokuthi abamukeli be-Rydberg bavele emikhiqizweni yezentengiso. Amasistimu amanje adinga ama-laser anembayo ukuze athokozise ama-athomu ezifundeni zawo zase-Rydberg - ngokuvamile isikimu sokuvusa ama-photon amabili sisebenzisa ama-lasers angu-852 nm kanye no-509 nm kuma-athomu e-cesium. Lezi zinhlelo ze-laser, nakuba ziya ziminyene, zisadla amandla amaningi futhi zisebenzisa ivolumu eyengeziwe kunothi olulula lwezintambo. Abacwaningi ku-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) kanye namalebhu enyuvesi ambalwa basebenzela ezixazululweni ezididiyelwe zezithombe ezingahle zinciphise lonke isistimu yokubona endaweni yesikali se-chip.

Ukuzinza kwezinga lokushisa kungenye into ekhathazayo. Amaseli womhwamuko we-athomu ase-Rydberg asebenza kahle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa alawulwayo, ngokuvamile aphakathi kuka-25°C no-45°C, ukuze agcine ukuminyana kwe-athomu. Ukuthunyelwa kwenkundla ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu - ukushisa kwasogwadule, ukubanda kwe-arctic, noma ukudlidliza kwemoto ehambayo - kwethula izinselele ukusetha elabhorethri okungabhekane nazo. Kodwa-ke, inqubekelaphambili yakamuva kumaseli womhwamuko enziwe ngendwangu encane anama-heaters ahlanganisiwe kanye nokuhlukaniswa okushisayo kubonise imiphumela ethembisayo, namanye ama-prototypes agcina ukusebenza ku-60°C ibanga lokushisa elizungezile.

Isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-nomsindo sidinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngenkathi ukuboniswa komsakazo ophethwe ngesandla kukhiqize umsindo ocacile, ukuzwela komamukeli kusasilela ezamukeli ezivamile ezingcono kakhulu cishe ngo-10-20 dB kumasignali ebhande elincane. Abacwaningi babhekana nalokhu ngamasu afana nama-multi-photon excitation schemes kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubonisa ngale kwe-electromagnetic induced (EIT), ngokuthuthukiswa konyaka okucishe kube ngu-3-5 dB okubikwe ezincwadini zakamuva.

Ukuxhumana Kwebhizinisi Emhlabeni Wangemva Kwe-Antenna

Imithelela esebenzayo yokwamukela irediyo ye-quantum inwebela ngalé kwezinhlelo zezempi nezesayensi. Cabangela ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana amabhizinisi esimanje ancike kuyo nsuku zonke. Kusukela ezinhlelweni zomsakazo we-warehouse kanye namanethiwekhi okuthunyelwa kwemikhumbi kuya ku-IoT sensor array kanye ne-Wi-Fi yonkana yesakhiwo, ukuxhumana kwe-electromagnetic kusekela cishe konke ukuhamba komsebenzi. Ubuchwepheshe obungathola kuwo wonke ama-spectrum omsakazo ngocingo olulodwa, oluhlangene bungenza kube lula ukuthi amabhizinisi akha futhi anakekele ingqalasizinda yawo yezokuxhumana.

Ubuchwepheshe obushintsha kakhulu abugcini nje ngokuthuthukisa amasistimu akhona - bususa izingqinamba ezibumbile. Izamukeli ze-athomu zaseRydberg azenzi izinti ezingcono; benza umqondo we-antenna ethize ethile uphelelwe yisikhathi.

Kumabhizinisi aphethe imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ezindaweni eziningi, isendlalelo sezokuxhumana ngokuvamile siwukuncika okungabonakali kodwa okubalulekile. Izingxenyekazi ezifana ne-Mewayz, ezihlanganisa amamojula okusebenza angu-207 - ukusuka ku-CRM kanye nama-invoyisi ukuya ekuphathweni kwemikhumbi nokuxhumana kwethimba - zibe yi-OS yebhizinisi eyodwa, kakade zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa amasistimu ahlukene. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-quantum sensing buvuthwa futhi buvumela ihadiwe yokuxhumana eguquguqukayo, eqinile, izinkundla zesofthiwe ezihlela ukusebenza kwebhizinisi zizoba namandla nakakhulu. Cabanga ngezinhlelo zokuphatha izimoto ezigcina ukuxhumana kunoma iyiphi ibhendi yefrikhwensi, noma amaqembu esevisi yasensimini ukuxhumana kwawo kuzivumelanisa ngokuzenzakalela nezimo ze-spectrum yendawo - umgogodla wokusebenza ohlinzekwa izinkundla ezihlanganisiwe kungabaluleka ekusebenziseni lokho kuvumelana nezimo.

Ithuba Lokuqapha I-Spectrum

Uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa lwesikhathi esiseduze lapho abamukeli be-Rydberg bengabona khona ukutholwa ngokushesha wukuqapha nokuphathwa kwe-spectrum. Ohulumeni nezindikimba ezilawulayo ezifana ne-FCC zichitha izigidigidi minyaka yonke ziqapha ukusetshenziswa komsakazo, ukuthola ukusakazwa okungagunyaziwe, nokuphatha ukwabiwa kwamafrikhwensi. Ukuqapha kwamanje kudinga ama-antenna ahlukene namazamukeli ukuze amboze i-spectrum egcwele — indlela ebizayo, enzima yokunakekela.

Inzwa eyodwa ye-athomu yase-Rydberg ingangena esikhundleni sepulazi le-antenna, iskena kusukela ku-HF ngokusebenzisa amaza ama-microwave ngedivayisi engusayizi we-thermos yekhofi. Imvelo yokuzilinganisa yezilinganiso ze-athomu isho ukuthi lezi zinzwa zizohlinzeka ngezilinganiso ezilandelekayo ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kwemijikelezo yokulinganisa yezikhathi edingwa okokusebenza kwamanje - inqubo okwamanje ethatha iziteshi zokuqapha zingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi izinsuku unyaka ngamunye.

Emabhizinisini asebenza ezindaweni ezilawulwayo ze-spectrum — ama-ISP angenawaya, opharetha benethiwekhi ye-LTE ezizimele, izinkampani zokuthutha ezisebenzisa amaza omsakazo anelayisensi — lobu buchwepheshe bunganciphisa ngokumangazayo izindleko zokuthobela imithetho. Ukuqapha okuzenzakalelayo kwe-spectrum okuhlanganiswe nezinkundla zokusebenza kungase kuhlabe umkhosi izinkinga zokuphazamiseka ngesikhathi sangempela, kuhlobanise ukuphazamiseka kwezokuxhumana nedatha yomthelela webhizinisi elandelelwa kumasistimu afana ne-Mewayz ukuze kubalwe izindleko zangempela zezinkinga ze-spectrum nokubeka phambili ukuxazululwa.

Kuzokwenzekani Ngokulandelayo: Umugqa Wesikhathi Wabamukeli Be-Quantum

Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwamanje namazinga okutshalwa kwezimali, izingqapheli zomkhakha ziphakamisa umugqa wesikhathi onzima wokuthengiswa kwezamukeli zase-Rydberg. Phakathi neminyaka engu-2-3, izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethekile ekuqapheni i-spectrum nokulinganisa kwesayensi kungenzeka zifinyelele emakethe. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezempi nezokuvikela, lapho usayizi, isisindo, nezinzuzo zamandla zithethelela izindleko ze-premium, zingabona ukusetshenziswa kwenkambu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zabathengi nezentengiso ezijwayelekile zisaqhubeka - cishe iminyaka engu-7-10 - kusalindwe ukuphumelela kwe-laser miniaturization kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko.

Ukuhambisana nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-quantum kuyafundisa. Amawashi e-athomu alandela umkhondo ofanayo: kusukela kumathuluzi aselabhorethri angangegumbi ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kuya kumadivayisi esilinganiso se-chip atholakala ngaphansi kuka-$1,500 namuhla. Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuguquguquka lafika lapho izingxenye ezisekelayo ze-photonic - ama-lasers, izitholi, kanye nama-elementi abonakalayo - kukhiqizwa esikalini. Kwabamukeli be-Rydberg, lelo phuzu lokuguquguquka liyasondela njengoba ama-photonics ahlanganisiwe ekhula kanye nama-laser-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) afinyelela ubude obudingekayo namaleveli okuzinza.

Emabhizinisini acabanga phambili, uhambo akumele lulinde ukuthi kufike abamukeli be-quantum. Okokwakha ingqalasizinda yokusebenza - izinkundla ezihlanganisiwe, izakhiwo zedatha eziguquguqukayo, ukuhamba komsebenzi okudidiyelwe kwezokuxhumana - okungamunca futhi kusebenzise ubuchwepheshe obushintshayo njengoba buvela. Izinhlangano ezazabalaza kakhulu ngoguquko lwedijithali kwakungezona lezo ezinehardware endala; kwakuyilabo ababenezinhlelo zesofthiwe ezihlukene ezingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ukwakhela phezu kwenkundla yokusebenza ehlanganisiwe namuhla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphatha abasebenzi abangu-5 noma abangu-5,000, kudala isisekelo sokusebenzisa noma yini enye igagasi elilandelayo lokusungula ihadiwe elilethwayo.

Isithombe Esikhulu: Lapho Ama-athomu Eshintsha Ama-Antenna

Ukutholwa ngempumelelo kwesignali yerediyo ephathwa ngesandla kusetshenziswa ama-athomu ase-Rydberg kuyingqopha-mlando ehambisana nezinye izikhathi lapho i-quantum physics iphunyuka elabhorethri futhi yangena emhlabeni ongokoqobo — i-transistor yokuqala, i-laser yokuqala, isathelayithi yokuqala ye-GPS esebenzisa izilinganiso zesikhathi se-athomu. Ngayinye yalezi zobuchwepheshe yathatha amashumi eminyaka ukusuka ekubonisweni kuya endaweni yonke, kodwa ngayinye yagcina ilolonge kabusha izimboni ngendlela abaqambi bayo abangazange bayibikezele.

Ukuxhumana ngomsakazo kuyimboni yomhlaba wonke ka-$45 billion esebenze ngokuyisisekelo emithethweni efanayo kusukela ekudluliselweni kwe-athomu yokuqala kuka-Marconi ngo-1901. Isamukeli se-athomu sase-Rydberg asiphindaphindi kuleyo migomo - sithatha indawo yazo ngokuthile okuthathwe egatsheni elihluke ngokuphelele le-physics. Kumabhizinisi, onjiniyela, nosomaqhinga bezobuchwepheshe, isignali evela kulowo msakazo ophathwa ngesandla akuwona nje umsindo. Umlayezo ocacile, ongenaphutha wokuthi ikusasa lezinzwa zika-electromagnetic kanye nokuxhumana liyi-athomu, futhi izinhlangano ezisesimweni esingcono kakhulu sokuzuza kuzoba yilezo esezivele zisebenza ezinkundleni eziguquguqukayo ngokwanele ukuthi ziguquke ngobuchwepheshe.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ayini ama-athomu ase-Rydberg futhi kungani elungele ukutholwa?

Ama-athomu ase-Rydberg ama-athomu ama-electron awo angaphandle ajabulele izimo zamandla aphezulu kakhulu, okuwenza azwele kakhulu ezinkambu zikagesi zangaphandle, njengalawo akumaza omsakazo. Lokhu kuzwela kuzivumela ukuthi zithole amasignali ngezinga lokunemba kanye nobubanzi obubanzi befrikhwensi kunezimpondo zensimbi ezivamile. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Mewayz, ahlinzeka ngamamojula okufunda angaphezu kuka-200 ngo-$19/ngenyanga, ahlinzeka ngezinsiza ezifinyelelekayo ukuze kuqondwe le miqondo ethuthukisiwe yenani.

Bekuyini ukubaluleka kokuthola isignali ye-walkie-talkie?

Ukuthola isignali ye-walkie-talkie evamile, enamandla aphansi ifakazela ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe be-quantum bungaphatha ukuxhumana komhlaba wangempela, hhayi nje ukuhlola kwaselabhorethri. Ibonisa isinyathelo esisebenzayo sokwakha izamukeli ezizwela kakhulu, ezincane ezingase zisebenze kahle kakhulu kunemisakazo evamile. Lokhu kuphumelela kuyisihloko esibalulekile ezifundweni zobuchwepheshe besimanje, okuhlanganisa namamojula atholakala ezinkundleni ezifana ne-Mewayz.

Lobu buchwepheshe bungakushintsha kanjani ukuxhumana kwansuku zonke?

Izamukeli ezisuselwa e-Rydberg zingaholela ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ezivikeleke kakhulu, ezimelana nokuphazamiseka ezincane futhi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Angasebenza ku-spectrum enkulu yamafrikhwensi ngomshini owodwa, okungenzeka amiselele izimpondo eziningi ezikhethekile. Ukuqonda lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zesikhathi esizayo kulula ngezindlela zokufunda ezihlelekile ezivela kumasevisi afana ne-Mewayz.

Ingabe lobu buchwepheshe bukulungele ukuvala umsakazo wami wamanje?

Hhayi okwamanje. Lona umboniso waselabhorethri ofakazela ukuthi lo mqondo uyasebenza. Izinselelo ezinkulu zobunjiniyela zisasele ekwenzeni ubuchwepheshe buhambisane, buthengeke, futhi busebenze ngaphandle kwezindawo ezilawulwayo. Nokho, lesi senzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando sisheshisa intuthuko. Kulabo abanentshisekelo yokulandela lo mkhakha othuthukayo, i-Mewayz inikeza amamojula asesikhathini samanje mayelana nefiziksi esezingeni eliphezulu nobunjiniyela.