Lil' Fun Langs' Guts

Kodwa i-"lil' fun langs" ayikhawulelwe ekuzilolongeni kokufundisa. Izilimi eziqondene nesizinda zinika amandla amanye amathuluzi ebhizinisi asebenza kahle kakhulu emakethe. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma ubhala ifomula kusipredishithi, uchaza umthetho wokuhlunga kuklayenti lakho le-imeyili, noma ulungiselela ukugeleza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo endaweni efana ne-Mewayz, uxhumana nolimi oluncane, olwakhelwe inhloso. Amamojula angu-207 ngaphakathi kwe-Mewayz - ahlanganisa i-CRM, ama-invoyisi, i-HR, ukuphathwa kwemikhumbi, nokunye okwengeziwe - ancike ezinjinini zemithetho yangaphakathi kanye nabahlaluli benkulumo, okuyizilimi zabo eziyinhloko, okuyizilimi ezincane eziklanyelwe ukunika abasebenzisi amandla ngaphandle kokudinga idigri yesayensi yekhompyutha.

Ukuqonda i-anatomy yalezi zilimi kuveza ukuthi kungani amanye amathuluzi ezizwa enembile kuyilapho amanye ezwa sengathi ukulwa nemanuwali ebhalwe ngenye indlela.

I-Lexer: Ukuhlehla Amagama Kube Ama-athomu

Lonke ulimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi luncane kangakanani, luqala ngesinyathelo esibalulekile esifanayo: ukuhlaziywa kwe-lexical, noma "i-lexing." I-lexer ithatha uchungechunge olungahluziwe lwezinhlamvu — into efana total = price * quantity + tax — futhi iyihlephule ibe yizingxenyana ezinengqondo ezibizwa ngamathokheni. I-lexer ayinandaba nencazelo okwamanje. Ivele ikhombise ukuthi inani iyinkomba, = iyi-opharetha yomsebenzi ozokwenziwa, intengo ngesinye isihlonzi, * ukuphindaphinda, njalo njalo.

Ukwakha i-lex yolimi oluncane kuyanelisa ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngemigqa yekhodi engaphansi kuka-100, ungafundisa uhlelo ukubona izinombolo, izintambo, amagama angukhiye, nama-opharetha. Ubulula buyiphuzu - kukuphoqa ukuthi ucabange ngokuthi isethi encane "yamagama" edingwa ulimi lwakho. Lokhu kucabanga okufanayo kuyasebenza lapho uklama amathuluzi abhekene nomsebenzisi. Lapho injini ye-Mewayz ezishintshayo ivumela umnikazi webhizinisi elincane ukuthi amise umthetho njengokuthi "uma i-invoyisi isidlulelwe yisikhathi ngezinsuku ezingu-7, thumela i-imeyili yesikhumbuzi," uhlelo lubhala ngokuthula lowo mthetho kumathokheni ahlelekile olungasebenza kuwo. Izindawo zokusebenzelana ezingcono kakhulu zizizwa zingenamandla ngoba othile ucabange ngokujulile ngokuthi amayunithi amancane anenjongo enhloso yomsebenzisi abukeka kanjani.

Ukuhlahlela: Ukuguqula Amathokheni Ayisicaba Uwenze Izihlahla Eziphilayo

Uma usunamathokheni, udinga ukwakheka. Ukuhlaziya kuguqula ukulandelana okuyisicaba kwamathokheni kube Isihlahla Se-Abstract Syntax (AST) — ukumelwa okulandelanayo okuthwebula ubudlelwano phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukene zenkulumo. Inkulumo ethi 3 + 4 * 5 ayikona nje ukulandelana kwamathokheni amahlanu; yisihlahla lapho ukuphindaphinda kubopha kakhulu kunokwengeza, kukhiqiza 23 esikhundleni sika-35.

Lapha kulapho izinto ziba mnandi khona ngempela. Ukuhlaziya ama-algorithms afana nokwehla okuphindaphindayo noma ukuhlukanisa kwe-Pratt kuyizingcezu zobunjiniyela ezinhle ezilingana efayeleni elilodwa kodwa ezikwazi ukuphatha uhlelo lolimi oluyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangazayo. Abahlaluli abaphindaphindayo bokwehla, ikakhulukazi, bafundeka njengokucaciswa kolimi ngokwalo — umsebenzi ngamunye uhambisana nomthetho wohlelo lolimi, okwenza ikhodi izibhale yona ngokwayo ngendlela engavamile ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe.

Izifundo ezivela ekuhlukaniseni zidlulela ngalé kokuklama kolimi. Noma iyiphi isistimu ecubungula okokufaka okuhleliwe - ifomu lokubhukha elinamabanga wedethi, ukumiswa kweholo elikhokhelwayo elinemithetho enemibandela, ipayipi le-CRM elinomqondo wegatsha - lixazulula inkinga yokuhlaziya. Abasebenzisi abangu-138,000+ abasepulatifomu ye-Mewayz bakhiqiza idatha eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlelekile nsuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi abahlaziyi bakuguqula kanjani okokufaka okudidayo kube isakhiwo esingaqondakali umehluko phakathi kokwakha isistimu ephatha ama-edge ngomusa kanye naleyo ephula lapho othile efaka idethi ngefomethi engalindelekile.

Utolika: Lapho Ikhodi Iphila Khona

Utolika yilapho umlingo wenzeka khona. Ihamba nge-AST, i-node nge-node, futhi iyikhiphe. Inombolo yenombolo ibuyisela inani layo. I-node yokusebenza kanambambili ihlola izingane zayo kwesokunxele nesokudla bese izihlanganisa. Ucingo lomsebenzi lubheka umsebenzi endaweni, luhlanganisa izimpikiswano, futhi luhlola umzimba. Ngolimi lwamathoyizi, umhumushi wonke angase abe imigqa engama-200-300 — ibe mncane ngokwanele ukubamba ekhanda lakho, kodwa ibe namandla ngokwanele ukuze iqalise izinhlelo zangempela.

Kunezindlela ezimbili ezibanzi zokwenza: otolika abahamba esihlahleni kanye nemishini ebonakalayo ye-bytecode. Abahamba ngezihlahla balula kodwa bahamba kancane; banqamula i-AST ngqo. I-Bytecode VMs ihlanganisa i-AST ibe ukulandelana kweziqondiso ezilula (njengolimi oluncane lokuhlanganisa) futhi esikhundleni salokho isebenzise leyo, ukuhwebelana kokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kusebenze kangcono kakhulu. I-CPython, ukuqaliswa okujwayelekile kwePython, isebenzisa i-bytecode VM. IsiLua, olunye lwezilimi ezishumekayo olusebenza kahle kakhulu, lusungule ukwakheka kwe-VM okusekelwe kurejista okwathonya izinjini zemidlalo emhlabeni wonke.

Imininingwane eyinhloko: Amathuluzi ebhizinisi anamandla kakhulu akuwona anezici eziningi — yiwo “anolimi” lwangaphakathi olungcono kakhulu lokuveza lokho abasebenzisi abakudingayo ngempela. Yonke injini yomthetho, isistimu yefomula, kanye nomakhi ozenzakalelayo ungutolika omncane ocashile. Ikhwalithi yalowo mhumushi inquma ukuthi ithuluzi liyakala lisuka kubasebenzisi abayi-10 liye ku-100,000.

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Imvelo kanye Nobubanzi: Isakhiwo Esifihliwe Sombuso

Omunye wemiqondo ekhohlisayo ekusetshenzisweni kolimi — futhi omunye osebenza ngokuqondile kusofthiwe yebhizinisi — indlela izilimi eziphatha ngayo isimo ngendawo kanye nobubanzi. Uma ubhala isabelo esiguquguqukayo ngaphakathi komsebenzi, lokho kushintsha akufanele kuphume futhi kubhale phezu okuthile kububanzi bomhlaba. Lokhu kuzwakala kusobala, kodwa ukukusebenzisa ngendlela efanele kudinga isakhiwo sedatha esibizwa uchungechunge lwendawo: uhlu oluxhunyiwe lwamamephu we-hashi lapho ileveli ngayinye imele ububanzi, kanye nokubheka okuguquguqukayo kukhuphuka iketango kuze kube yilapho kutholakala okufanayo.

Le phethini ibonakala yonke indawo kusofthiwe eklanywe kahle. Izimvume zabasebenzisi kunkundla yebhizinisi zisebenza ngendlela efanayo — ukufinyelela kwelungu leqembu kunqunywa ngokuhlola izimvume zabo zomuntu ngamunye kuqala, bese kuba izimvume zendima yabo, bese kuba okuzenzakalelayo kwenhlangano. Isistimu yemojula ye-Mewayz, ehlanganisa yonke into kusukela kumakhasi e-link-in-bio kuya ekucubunguleni okugcwele kwabasebenzi, isebenzisa ukucushwa okunezingqimba okubonisa lesi simiso ngqo. Umnikazi webhizinisi usetha okuzenzakalelayo kwenhlangano yonke, abaphathi beminyango bangakwazi ukubhala ngaphezulu izilungiselelo ezithile, futhi abasebenzisi abangabodwana bangenza ngokwezifiso indawo yabo yokusebenza — konke ngaphandle kokungqubuzana.

Ukuthola indawo okungalungile ngolimi lokuhlela kubangela iziphazamisi. Ukuthola indawo engalungile kunkundla yebhizinisi kubangela ukuvuza kwedatha, ukukhuphuka kwemvume, kanye nohlobo lwesiphithiphithi sokusebenza esibiza imali yangempela. Izifundo ziyefana kuwo wonke amazinga okukhipha.

Lokho Okukufundisayo Ukwakha Ulimi Oluncane

Uma ungakaze wakhe ulimi oluncane lokuhlela, nakhu okufundiswa isipiliyoni - nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuthi ngabe ungunjiniyela, umsunguli wezobuchwepheshe, noma othile ofuna nje ukuqonda amathuluzi abawasebenzisa nsuku zonke:

• Ukunemba komcabango: Awukwazi ukungaqondakali lapho uchaza uhlelo lolimi. Konke ukungaqondakali esicacisweni solimi lwakho kuba yisiphazamisi kumhlahleli wakho. Lesi siqondiso sidlulela ngokuqondile ekubhaleni izicaciso ezingcono, amadokhumenti acacile, kanye nezimfuneko zesici ezinembe kakhudlwana.
• Uzwela kubasebenzisi: Uma uklama ulimi, uklama ukusebenzelana komcabango womuntu. Ufunda ukubuza: "Umsebenzisi usho ukuthini ngalokhu?" — umbuzo okufanele ugqugquzele zonke izinqumo zomkhiqizo.
• Ukuqonda kokusebenza: Ufunda ukuthi kungani eminye imisebenzi ishesha kanti eminye ihamba kancane, hhayi ngokufunda amabhentshimakhi kodwa ngokubona ukuthi zingaki izinyathelo ezithathwa ngumtoliki. Lokhu kukwenza ube ngcono ekuklameni amasistimu anesilinganiso.
• Ubungcweti bokulungisa iphutha: Uma ulimi lwakho lukhiqiza okuphumayo okungalungile, awunandawo yokucasha. Alukho uhlaka olungasolwa, akukho ukungqubuzana kwenguqulo yelabhulali. Kunengqondo yakho, izakhiwo zedatha yakho, i-algorithm yakho. Lokhu kwakha uhlobo lwekhono lokususa iphutha elijulile elihlukanisa onjiniyela abahle kwabakhulu.
• Ukubonga ngokukhipha: Uyaqonda ukuthi kungani izilimi ezisezingeni eliphezulu zenze ukukhetha ezikwenzile — kungani i-JavaScript ivaliwe, kungani i-Python ikhethe indawo emhlophe ebalulekile, kungani kukhona okuhlola ukuboleka kukaRust. Lezi akuzona izinqumo ezingenangqondo; ziyizixazululo zezinkinga zangempela ozohlangabezana nazo ekuzisebenziseni kwakho.

Kusuka ezilimini zamathoyizi kuye kokuzenzakalela komhlaba wangempela

Igebe phakathi kolimi lwamathoyizi kanye nenjini yokukhiqiza ezishintshayo lincane kunalokho abantu abaningi abakucabangayo. Ulimi lwesifanekiso lukaShopify's Liquid luqale njengohlelo lwesifanekiso olulula, oluphephile futhi manje lunika amandla izigidi zangaphambili kwesitolo. I-syntax yokuhamba komsebenzi ye-GitHub Actions iwulimi oluqondene nesizinda olwakhelwe ku-YAML. Ulimi lombuzo we-Stripe's Sigma luvumela amaqembu ezezimali ukuthi aphenye idatha yokukhokha ngaphandle kokubhala i-SQL. Ngayinye yazo iqale ngokuthi othile abuze: "Iluphi ulimi oluncane, olulula kakhulu oluxazulula le nkinga ethile?"

Lena yifilosofi efanayo ngemuva kwezinkundla ezihlose ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yebhizinisi ibe i-ecosystem eyodwa. Lapho u-Mewayz esebenzela isisebenzi esizimele esidinga ikhasi le-link-in-bio kanye nenkampani enosayizi omaphakathi eqhuba ukukhokhelwa kwabasebenzi abangu-50 kuwo wonke amamojula ayo angu-207, inselele eyisisekelo iyona ebhekene nomklami wolimi wonke: ulwakha kanjani uhlelo olulula ngokwanele lwabaqalayo kodwa olunamandla ngokwanele ezimweni zokusetshenziswa eziyinkimbinkimbi? Impendulo, njengoba noma yimuphi umqambi wolimi azokutshela, ilele ekulungiseni izinto zokuqala — amabhulokhi wokwakha amancane, ahlanganisekayo abasebenzisi abangawahlanganisa ngezindlela umklami angakaze azilindele.

Ngokuzayo uma ulungisa umthetho wokuzenzakalela, wakha ideshibhodi yangokwezifiso, noma usetha ukugeleza komsebenzi okunemibandela kunoma iliphi ithuluzi lebhizinisi, khumbula: ubhala uhlelo nge-lil' fun lang. Othile uklame amandla alolo limi - isichazamazwi salo, umhlaseli, nomhumushi - ukuze enze inhloso yakho isebenze. Futhi izinga lomsebenzi wabo lingamandla angabonakali anquma ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kuzwakala njengomlingo noma usizi. Ukuqonda lawo ma-guts, ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu, kukunikeza amandla amakhulu: ikhono lokubona umshini ngaphansi kwesixhumi esibonakalayo, ukubikezela lapho uzophuka khona, futhi uwuphushele phambili kunalokho abaklami bawo ababekucabanga.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ayini ama-"lil' fun langs" futhi kungani kufanele ngikhathalele?

I-Lil' fun langs izilimi ezincane, ezihlolwayo zokuhlela ezakhelwe ukuhlola imibono ethile noma ukufundisa imiqondo ewumongo. Zisuka kubatoliki bamathoyizi ababhalwe ngempelasonto ukuya ezilimini ezithize ezizindeni (DSL) ezidizayinelwe imisebenzi emincane. Ukuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani kukunikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi wonke ama-software asebenza kanjani - okuhlanganisa namathuluzi ebhizinisi othembele kuwo nsuku zonke. Lolo lwazi lukwenza ube umthuthukisi obukhali kanye nomenzi wezinqumo onolwazi kakhulu lapho ukhetha noma wakha amasistimu ezishintshayo.

Ingabe ukufunda mayelana nabangaphakathi kolimi kusiza kanjani ngokuzenzakalela kwebhizinisi?

Uma uqonda imiqondo efana nokuhlaziya, ukuhlola, nabatolika, uqala ukubona okuzenzakalelayo ngendlela ehlukile. Uyawabona amaphethini kubakhi bokugeleza komsebenzi, izinjini zezifanekiso, namasistimu wokubusa. Amapulatifomu afana ne-Mewayz asebenzisa lezi zimiso ezifanayo kuwo wonke amamojula awo angu-207 ukukuvumela ukuthi wenze ama-invoyisi, ukuhamba komsebenzi kwe-CRM, nokunye okwengeziwe - konke ngaphandle kokubhala ikhodi. Ukwazi okubalulekile kukusiza ukuthi uqhubekisele phambili lawa mathuluzi futhi uxazulule izinkinga ngokushesha.

Ingabe ngidinga iziqu zesayensi yekhompyutha ukuze ngakhe ulimi oluncane?

Lutho neze. Onjiniyela abaningi bakha umhumushi wabo wokuqala ngempelasonto eyodwa besebenzisa okokufundisa nemihlahlandlela yomthombo ovulekile. Izilimi ezifana ne-Python ne-JavaScript zikwenza kube lula ukubhala i-lexer eyisisekelo, umhlaseli, kanye nomhloli. Umgomo awukona ukudala ulimi olulandelayo lokukhiqiza — ukufunda ngokwenza. Ngisho nolimi lwesibali olulula lukufundisa indlela amazwi acutshungulwa futhi asetshenziswe ngayo, amakhono adlulisela ngokuqondile ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba wangempela.

Ingabe ukuqonda ama-DSL kungangisiza ngikhethe amathuluzi ebhizinisi angcono?

Nakanjani. Izinkundla eziningi zebhizinisi zishumeka izilimi eziqondene nesizinda kumafomula, izihlungi, nemithetho yokuhamba komsebenzi. Uma uqonda ukuthi ama-DSL asebenza kanjani ngaphansi kwe-hood, ungahlola amathuluzi ngokuhlolisisa kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-Mewayz inikeza i-OS yebhizinisi ephelele eqala ku-$19/mo nge-automation logic eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kuwo wonke amamojula ayo. Ukwazi imiqondo ye-DSL kukusiza ukuthi usebenzise lezo zici ngokugcwele kunokunwaya phezulu.