Umlando We-Graphical User Interface: Ukunyuka (Nokuwa?) Komklamo we-WIMP

I-interface Eshintshe Yonke Into

Ngaphambi kuka-1984, amakhompyutha ayekhuluma ulimi olulodwa: umbhalo. Izinhlamvu ze-phosphor eziluhlaza bezicwayiza kuzikrini ezimnyama kuyilapho abasebenzisi bebambe ngekhanda imiyalo ye-arcane ukuze bakopishe ifayela. Ngemuva kwalokho i-Apple yasakaza ukuthengisa okukodwa kwe-Super Bowl, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, i-Macintosh yethula izigidi zabantu kokuthile okuqinile - ungakwazi ukhomba izinto bese uzichofoza. I-graphical interface yomsebenzisi ayizange isungulwe ngalowo nyaka (izimpande zayo zibuyela emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1960s), kodwa kwaba yisikhathi lapho idizayini ye-WIMP - iWindows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer - yaba ipharadigm evelele yokusebenzisana komuntu namakhompyutha. Emashumini amane eminyaka kanye nabasebenzisi bamakhompiyutha abacishe babe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisi-5 kamuva, lowo mbono ofanayo usabusa indlela iningi lethu elisebenza ngayo. Kodwa njengoba abasizi bezwi bebuza imibuzo eyibhiliyoni elingu-1 ngenyanga, njengoba abenzeli be-AI beqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugeleza komsebenzi okunezinyathelo eziningi, futhi njengoba ikhompuyutha yendawo ihambisa amaphikseli endaweni ebonakalayo, kuvela umbuzo obalulekile: ingabe umklamo we-WIMP uphakame kakhulu?

Kusuka ku-Xerox PARC kuya Kudeskithophu Yakho: Umsuka we-WIMP

Indaba ayiqali e-Cupertino kodwa e-Palo Alto, ngaphakathi kwesikhungo socwaningo se-Xerox PARC. Ngo-1973, i-Xerox Alto yaba yikhompyutha yokuqala ukusebenzisa isingathekiso sedeskithophu - igcwaliswe ngamafasitela agqagqene, i-pointer eqhutshwa yigundane, nemifanekiso emele amafayela. Abacwaningi, okuhlanganisa u-Alan Kay kanye no-Larry Tesler, badwebe kakhulu ngo-1968 ka-Doug Engelbart "Mother of All Demos," lapho athula khona igundane, i-hypertext, nokusebenzisana kwesikhathi sangempela kubabukeli abamangele ku-Fall Joint Computer Conference e-San Francisco.

I-Xerox yathengisa lo mqondo nge-Star 8010 ngo-1981, yawubeka intengo ku-$16,595 iyunithi ngayinye - cishe u-$55,000 ngamadola anamuhla. Idayise amayunithi angama-25,000 kuphela. Kodwa lapho uSteve Jobs evakashela i-PARC ngo-1979 futhi ebona i-Alto isebenza, umkhondo wekhompuyutha yomuntu siqu washintsha unomphela. I-Apple's Lisa (1983) kanye ne-Macintosh (1984) ilethe i-WIMP endaweni yentengo yomthengi. I-Microsoft ilandele nge-Windows 1.0 ngo-1985, futhi ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, i-paradigm yayingenakugwenywa. I-Windows 3.1 ithengise amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-10 ezinyangeni zayo ezimbili zokuqala kuphela.

Okwenza i-WIMP ibe namandla kakhulu kwakungekona ubuciko bobuchwepheshe — bekuwukujwayelana kwengqondo. Amadeskithophu ayebukeka njengamadeskithophu. Amafolda ayebukeka njengamafolda. Amathini kadoti ayebukeka njengemigqomo kadoti. Isingathekiso sinciphise ijika lokufunda ukusuka emavikini okufundisa ngekhanda kuya emahoreni okuhlola. Ngokokuqala ngqa, abantu abajwayelekile bangasebenzisa amakhompyutha ngaphandle kokufunda imanyuwali.

I-Golden Age: Kungani I-WIMP Ibusa Iminyaka Engama-40

Ukuphila isikhathi eside kwe-WIMP akuzenzekelanga. I-paradigm iphumelele ngoba ixazulule inkinga ebalulekile: ubanikeza kanjani abasebenzisi ukufinyelela ekusebenzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokubakhungathekisa? Amamenyu ahlela imiyalo ngokohlelo. IWindows ivumela ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngokuhlukanisa indawo. Izithonjana zinikeza isifinyezo esibonakalayo. Futhi isikhombisi sinikeza abasebenzisi umuzwa wokukhohlisa okuqondile — umuzwa wokuthi uhambisa izinto, awukhiphi imiyalelo.

Le nhlanganisela ibonakale ivumelana nezimo ngendlela emangalisayo. Lapho iwebhu ifika maphakathi nawo-1990, iziphequluli zavele zaba elinye iwindi. Lapho kuvela ama-smartphones, i-paradigm yacindezelwa - amafasitela aba izinhlelo zokusebenza zesikrini esigcwele, amamenyu aba yizithonjana ze-hamburger, futhi i-pointer yaba umunwe wakho. Ngisho nanamuhla, uma uvula noma iyiphi ingxenyekazi ye-SaaS enkulu, uzothola amathambo afanayo: imenyu yebha eseceleni, ukuzulazula okuqhutshwa yisithonjana, ukusebenzisana okusekelwe ezikhombeni, nokuqukethwe okunikezwa kumaphaneli afana newindi.

"Isixhumi esibonakalayo esingcono kakhulu yileso esinyamalalayo — lapho abasebenzisi becabanga ngezinjongo zabo, hhayi ithuluzi. I-WIMP izuze lokho esizukulwaneni, kodwa isingathekiso ngasinye sigcina sishayisana nobunkimbinkimbi ebesiklanyelwe ukubufihla."

Ukuqina kwepharadigm kuphinde kwadala umphumela wenethiwekhi onamandla. Lapho izigidigidi zabantu sezifundile izimiso ze-WIMP - chofoza kabili ukuze uvule, chofoza kwesokudla ukuze uthole izinketho, hudula ukuze uhambise - noma iyiphi isofthiwe ephambukile ikhokhele inhlawulo yokusebenziseka kalula. Onjiniyela bazenze ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-WIMP hhayi ngoba yayilungile, kodwa ngoba abasebenzisi sebeyazi. Lona ithonya elifanayo lamandla adonsela phansi eligcina isakhiwo sekhibhodi ye-QWERTY siphila eminyakeni engu-150 ngemva kokuba siklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuminyana komshini wokubhala.

Ukuqhekeka Kwesisekelo: Lapho I-WIMP Iphuka Khona

Kubo bonke ubuhle bayo, i-WIMP inezinhlobo zokuhluleka ezibhalwe kahle - futhi ziya ziba zimbi njengoba isofthiwe ikhula ibe nzima nakakhulu. I-crack yokuqala i-menu overload. I-Microsoft Word 2003 inamamenyu amaningi abekwe esidlekeni kangangokuthi inkampani yaduma kabusha yonke i-interface yaba yi-Ribbon ye-Office 2007, ivuma ngempumelelo ukuthi amamenyu e-hierarchical awakwazanga ukukala. Imikhiqizo ye-Adobe Creative Suite ngokuvamile inezinto zemenyu ezingaphezu kuka-200. Abasebenzisi bathuthukisa "ubumpumputhe bemenyu," bashaye indiva izinketho eziningi futhi bathembele emiyalweni efanayo engu-10-15 ngokusebenzisa izinqamuleli zekhibhodi - ukubuyisela ngempumelelo ekuziphatheni komugqa womyalo osongwe ngegobolondo lesithombe.

I-crack yesibili ukukhathala kokuphathwa kwewindi. Izisebenzi zolwazi namuhla zisebenza ngesilinganiso sezicelo ezihlukene eziyi-13 ngosuku, ngokocwaningo oluvela eQatalog naseCornell University. Izindleko zokuqonda zokushintsha phakathi kwamafasitela, ukukhumbula lapho kuhlala khona ulwazi, nokugcina umongo kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlukanisiwe zikhulu. Ucwaningo lulinganisela ukuthi abasebenzi balahlekelwa amahora angu-9.3 ngeviki ngokuzulazula phakathi kwamathuluzi nokuphinda basungule umongo.

I-crack yesithathu futhi eyisisekelo kakhulu ukuthi i-WIMP iqala ukuxhumana okuqalwe ngumuntu, isinyathelo nesinyathelo. Sonke isenzo sidinga ukuchofoza, ukukhetha, isiqinisekiso. Lokhu kwaba nengqondo lapho amakhompyutha kungamathuluzi angenzi lutho alindele imiyalelo. Kwenza umqondo omncane kakhulu enkathini ye-AI esebenzayo, ukugeleza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo, namasistimu okufanele asebenzele wena ngaphandle kokudinga ukuthi ukhombe futhi uchofoze kuzo zonke izinqumo.

Abaqhudelana Nge-post-WIMP: Yini Okulandelayo?

Igama elithi "post-WIMP" laqanjwa ngu-Andries van Dam ngo-1997, kodwa ezinye izindlela zisanda kuphumelela esikalini. Amapharadigm amaningana ayaqhudelana ukuze angezelele - noma esikhundleni - imodeli eneminyaka engamashumi amane ubudala:

1. Izingxoxo ze-UI nama-AI Agents: I-ChatGPT ifinyelele abasebenzisi abayizigidi ezingu-100 ezinyangeni ezimbili, okufakazela ukuthi ulimi lwemvelo lungaba isixhumi esibonakalayo esiyinhloko. Abenzeli be-AI njengalabo abasafufusa ezinkundleni zebhizinisi bangenza imisebenzi enezinyathelo eziningi — ukukhiqiza ama-invoyisi, ukuhlela imihlangano, ukuhlaziya idatha — ngokwaziswa kombhalo owodwa, ukweqa amamenyu namawindi ngokuphelele.
2. I-Ambient and Spatial Computing: I-Vision Pro ye-Apple kanye ne-Meta's Quest imele ukubheja kokuthi ikhompuyutha kufanele ibe khona esikhaleni se-3D esikuzungezile, hhayi ukubambeka konxande be-2D. Nakuba ukutholwa kusesekuseni (kubikwa ukuthi i-Apple yathumela cishe amayunithi angu-500,000 ngonyaka wokuqala), umbono wendawo wephula isingathekiso sewindi.
3. Izixhumanisi Zokuthinta Nezwi: Izilekeleli zezwi zifakwe kumadivayisi angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-4.2 emhlabeni jikelele. Ezimongweni zezimoto, zezimboni, kanye nokufinyeleleka, izixhumanisi zezwi kuqala sezivele zingena esikhundleni se-WIMP ngokuphelele.
4. Amadeshibhodi Okuzenzakalelayo-Okuqala: Izinkundla zebhizinisi zesimanje ziyasuka kokuthi "chofoza ukuze wenze" ziye kokuthi "lungiselela kanye, qapha njalo." Esikhundleni sokuzulazula kumojula yokukhokha, ukuchofoza kubasebenzi, bese uvula izinkokhelo mathupha, uhlelo lusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi luveza izinto ezihlukile kuphela ezidinga ukunakwa abantu.

Akekho kulawa mapharadigm osezuze uwonke wonke we-WIMP okwamanje. Kodwa i-trajectory icacile: i-interface iyasuka ekukhohlisweni ngezandla kuya kwenkulumo yenhloso. Utshela isistimu ukuthi yini oyifunayo, bese ithola ukuthi kanjani.

I-Hybrid Present: Indlela I-Modern Platforms Bridges ngayo Yomibili Imihlaba

Iqiniso elingokoqobo lamabhizinisi amaningi ngo-2026 ukuthi i-WIMP ayifi — iyafakwa. Izinkundla zesofthiwe ezisebenza kahle kakhulu namuhla zihlanganisa ukuxhumana okubonakalayo okujwayelekile nokuzenzakalela okunamandla e-AI, okunikeza abasebenzisi ukunethezeka kokukhomba nokuchofoza lapho befuna ukulawula okuqondile nokusebenza kahle kokugeleza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo lapho bengakwenzi.

Le yiyo kanye indlela izinkundla ezifana ne-Mewayz eziyithathayo ne-modular business OS. Ngamamojula angu-207 ahlanganisa i-CRM, ama-invoyisi, ukukhokhelwa, i-HR, ukuphathwa kwemikhumbi, ukubhuka, nokuhlaziya, ububanzi bokusebenza ngeke busebenziseke kusixhumi esibonakalayo esiqhutshwa imenyu. Esikhundleni salokho, i-Mewayz ihlela amamojula abe yindawo yokusebenza elungisekayo lapho amabhizinisi enza kusebenze kuphela lokho akudingayo, enciphisa ukugcwala kwengqondo okuhlupha izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-WIMP zefa. Ukuzenzakalela kwe-AI kusingatha ukugeleza komsebenzi okuphindaphindayo — ukuthumela ama-imeyili okulandelela, ukukhiqiza imibiko, ukucubungula ama-invoyisi avelayo — kuyilapho ukusebenzelana okubonakalayo kuveza imininingwane ebambekayo kanye nokuhlukile okudinga ukwahlulela komuntu.

Le modeli ye-hybrid ivuma iqiniso ukuthi ama-purists nhlangothi zombili avame ukugeja: imisebenzi ehlukene idinga izindlela zokusebenzisana ezihlukene. Ukubuyekeza ideshibhodi yezezimali kubonakala ngokwemvelo - ufuna amashadi, izinombolo, nobudlelwano bendawo. Kodwa ukuqalisa ukukhokhelwa kwabasebenzi abangu-50 akufanele kudinge ukuchofoza okungu-15 kumamenyu akhiwe. Izindawo zokusebenzelana ezingcono kakhulu zesimanje zikunikeza zombili izindlela ngaphandle komthungo, futhi zifunda ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi oncamela ukuyiphatha mathupha uma uqhathanisa nokuthi yimiphi ojabulela ukuyenza ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Umbuzo Wangempela Akukona okuthi "Ingabe I-WIMP Izokufa?" — Ithi “Yini Ethatha Indawo Yesingathekiso?”

Iminikelo ejulile ye-WIMP bekungeyona inhlanganisela ethile yamawindi, izithonjana, amamenyu, nezikhombi. Bekuyiisingathekiso sedeskithophu — umqondo wokuthi indawo yedijithali kufanele ifane nendawo ebonakalayo ukuze kuncishiswe amajika okufunda. Amafayela angena kumafolda. Amadokhumenti ahlala kumadeskithophu. Izinto ezisusiwe zingena kudoti. Lesi singathekiso senza amakhompyutha afinyeleleke ezigidini zezigidi zabantu abangakaze bahlele lutho.

Inselelo yokuklama kwangemva kwe-WIMP ukuthola isingathekiso esinamandla alinganayo somsebenzi owengeziwe we-AI. Kubukeka kanjani "ukunikeza" umsebenzi kumenzeli we-AI? Ukubona kanjani ngeso lengqondo ukugeleza komsebenzi okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza ngemuva? Uma uhlelo luthatha isinqumo egameni lakho, lukhuluma kanjani ngokwenzekile futhi ngani? Lezi yizinkinga zokuklama imboni esazixazulula ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ezinye izimpendulo zangaphambi kwesikhathi ziyavela. Izixhumi ezibonakalayo eziqhutshwa yizaziso (cabanga ukuthi iziteshi ze-Slack noma izifunzo zomsebenzi) zithatha indawo yezigaba zesistimu yefayela. Imiklamo yedeshibhodi yokuqala ibeka imiphumela kuqala kunokuzulazula. Futhi ukuxhumana kwezingxoxo kudala inkohliso yokusebenza no nozakwenu ohlakaniphile kunokuthi usebenze ngomshini. Izinkundla ezithola lolu shintsho ngokufanele - ukugcina ukufinyeleleka kwe-WIMP ngenkathi kuvulwa ukusebenza kahle kokuzenzakalela - kuzochaza inkathi elandelayo yesofthiwe yokukhiqiza.

Izifundo Ezisuka Eminyakeni engama-40 Yokuchofoza

Umlando womklamo we-WIMP unikeza isifundo esicacile kunoma ubani owakha noma okhetha isofthiwe yebhizinisi namuhla: izixhumi ezibonakalayo kufanele zinikeze inkimbinkimbi yomsebenzi, hhayi enye indlela. Abacwaningi be-Xerox PARC bakuqonda lokho ngo-1973. I-Apple yakuqonda ngo-1984. Futhi izinkundla zesimanje ezingcono kakhulu ziyakuqonda manje, yingakho zidlulela ngale kwezigaba zemenyu eziqinile ziye ezindaweni ezihlakaniphile, eziguquguqukayo ezihlangana nabasebenzisi lapho bekhona.

Emabhizinisini angu-138,000+ asevele asebenzisa izinkundla ezifana ne-Mewayz, lokhu kuvelela kuyasebenza, akukona okucatshangwayo. Uma inkundla eyodwa ihlanganisa i-CRM, ama-invoyisi, i-HR, izibalo, kanye nenqwaba yeminye imisebenzi endaweni yokusebenza eyodwa, isixhumi esibonakalayo sifanele sihlakaniphe kunesihlahla semenyu evamile. Kufanele iveze imojula elungile ngesikhathi esifanele, izenzele okulindelweyo, futhi isuke endleleni yakho konke okunye.

I-WIMP ayiwi — okwamanje, futhi mhlawumbe ayiwi ngokuphelele. Kodwa igxiliswa kokuthile okukhulu: ifilosofi yesixhumi esibonakalayo lapho ukuchofoza kungenye yezindlela eziningi zokwenza umsebenzi wenziwe, futhi ngokwandayo, hhayi esebenza kahle kakhulu. Ngokuzayo lapho ufinyelela igundane lakho ukuze uzulazule kumamenyu amathathu ujule ukuze uqedele umsebenzi obekufanele wenzeke ngokuzenzakalelayo, khumbula - lokho kungqubuzana kuwukukhetha kokuklama, hhayi into engenakugwemeka. Futhi izinkundla eziwuqedayo kuzoba yizo eziwinayo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

I-interface Eshintshe Yonke Into

Ngaphambi kuka-1984, amakhompyutha ayekhuluma ulimi olulodwa: umbhalo. Izinhlamvu ze-phosphor eziluhlaza bezicwayiza kuzikrini ezimnyama kuyilapho abasebenzisi bebambe ngekhanda imiyalo ye-arcane ukuze bakopishe ifayela. Ngemuva kwalokho i-Apple yasakaza ukuthengisa okukodwa kwe-Super Bowl, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, i-Macintosh yethula izigidi zabantu kokuthile okuqinile - ungakhomba izinto bese uzichofoza. I-graphical interface yomsebenzisi ayizange isungulwe ngalowo nyaka (izimpande zayo zibuyela emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1960s), kodwa kwaba yisikhathi lapho idizayini ye-WIMP - iWindows, Icons, Menus, and Pointer - yaba ipharadigm evelele yokusebenzisana komuntu namakhompyutha. Emashumini amane eminyaka kanye nabasebenzisi bamakhompiyutha abacishe babe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisi-5 kamuva, lowo mbono ofanayo usabusa indlela iningi lethu elisebenza ngayo. Kodwa njengoba abasizi bezwi bebuza imibuzo eyibhiliyoni elingu-1 ngenyanga, njengoba abenzeli be-AI beqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukugeleza komsebenzi okunezinyathelo eziningi, futhi njengoba ikhompuyutha yendawo ihambisa amaphikseli endaweni ebonakalayo, kuvela umbuzo obalulekile: ingabe umklamo we-WIMP uphakame kakhulu?

Kusuka ku-Xerox PARC kuya Kudeskithophu Yakho: Umsuka we-WIMP

Indaba ayiqali e-Cupertino kodwa e-Palo Alto, ngaphakathi kwesikhungo socwaningo se-Xerox PARC. Ngo-1973, i-Xerox Alto yaba yikhompyutha yokuqala ukusebenzisa isingathekiso sedeskithophu - igcwaliswe ngamafasitela agqagqene, i-pointer eqhutshwa yigundane, nemifanekiso emele amafayela. Abacwaningi, okuhlanganisa u-Alan Kay kanye no-Larry Tesler, badwebe kakhulu ngo-1968 ka-Doug Engelbart "Mother of All Demos," lapho athula khona igundane, i-hypertext, nokusebenzisana kwesikhathi sangempela kubabukeli abamangele ku-Fall Joint Computer Conference e-San Francisco.

I-Golden Age: Kungani I-WIMP Ibusa Iminyaka Engama-40

Ukuphila isikhathi eside kwe-WIMP akuzenzekelanga. I-paradigm iphumelele ngoba ixazulule inkinga ebalulekile: ubanikeza kanjani abasebenzisi ukufinyelela ekusebenzeni okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokubakhungathekisa? Amamenyu ahlela imiyalo ngokohlelo. IWindows ivumela ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi ngokuhlukanisa indawo. Izithonjana zinikeza isifinyezo esibonakalayo. Futhi isikhombisi sinikeza abasebenzisi umuzwa wokukhohlisa okuqondile — umuzwa wokuthi uhambisa izinto, awukhiphi imiyalelo.

Ukuqhekeka Kwesisekelo: Lapho I-WIMP Iphuka Khona

Kubo bonke ubuhle bayo, i-WIMP inezinhlobo zokuhluleka ezibhalwe kahle - futhi ziya ziba zimbi njengoba isofthiwe ikhula ibe nzima nakakhulu. I-crack yokuqala ukugcwala kwemenyu. I-Microsoft Word 2003 inamamenyu amaningi abekwe esidlekeni kangangokuthi inkampani yaduma kabusha yonke i-interface yaba yi-Ribbon ye-Office 2007, ivuma ngempumelelo ukuthi amamenyu e-hierarchical awakwazanga ukukala. Imikhiqizo ye-Adobe Creative Suite ngokuvamile inezinto zemenyu ezingaphezu kuka-200. Abasebenzisi bathuthukisa "ubumpumputhe bemenyu," bashaye indiva izinketho eziningi futhi bathembele emiyalweni efanayo engu-10-15 ngokusebenzisa izinqamuleli zekhibhodi - ukubuyisela ngempumelelo ekuziphatheni komugqa womyalo osongwe ngegobolondo lesithombe.

Abaqhudelana Nge-post-WIMP: Yini Okulandelayo?

Igama elithi "post-WIMP" laqanjwa ngu-Andries van Dam ngo-1997, kodwa ezinye izindlela zisanda kuphumelela esikalini. Amapharadigm amaningana ayaqhudelana ukuze angezelele - noma esikhundleni - imodeli eneminyaka engamashumi amane ubudala: