Elona xabiso lokwenyani le-I/O

ISoftware yakho yeShishini icotha kunokuba bekufanele ukuba - kwaye iRandom I/O nguMtyholwa ongabonakaliyo

Ngalo lonke ixesha umthengi ekhalaza malunga nedeshibhodi ecothayo, ngalo lonke ixesha iqela lakho lilinda imizuzwana emithathu eyongezelelweyo ukuba ingxelo ilayishwe, kwaye ngalo lonke ixesha iphepha lakho lokuphuma lilahlekelwa ngumthengi ngenxa yokungabi namonde — kukho ithuba elinamandla lokuba iI/Oethe cwaka ikhupha imali yakho engenayo. Ayingobuzzword ebekelwe iinjineli zedatabase. Yinto enokumetwa, enexabiso elikhulu elizifihla ngaphakathi phantse kulo lonke usetyenziso lweshishini, ukusuka kukhangelo lweCRM ukuya ekuveliseni i-invoyisi. Ukuqonda iindleko zayo zokwenyani ayingomsebenzi wobugcisa kuphela - ngowemali. Iinkampani ezingayihoyiyo zihlawula ixabiso kumatyala amafu, abathengi abalahlekileyo, kunye namaqela abambekile elindile kwizikrini ekufanele zilayishwe ngoko nangoko.

Ithetha ukuthini iRandom I/O eneneni (Kwaye Kutheni ibiza kakhulu)

Embindini wayo, I/O — input/output — yinkqubo yokufunda nokubhala idatha yokugcina. Xa isicelo sakho sithatha iirekhodi kwisiseko sedatha, ilayisha iifayile kwidiski, okanye ibhala iilogi zentengiselwano, yenza imisebenzi ye-I / O. Le misebenzi iza kwiincasa ezimbini:ukulandelelanakunyengokungaqhelekanga. Ulandelelwano lwe-I/O lufunda okanye lubhala idatha kwiibhloko ezidibanayo, njengokufunda incwadi ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni. U-I/O ongaqhelekanga utsiba-tsiba ngokungalindelekanga, njengokutsibela kwiphepha lama-47, emva koko iphepha lesi-3, emva koko iphepha 812.

Umsantsa wokusebenza phakathi kwezi patheni zimbini uyakhwankqisa. Kwi-hard drive yendabuko, ukufundwa okulandelelanayo kunokufikelela kwi-150-200 MB / s, ngelixa ukufundwa okungahleliwe rhoqo kukhasa kwi-0.5-1.5 MB / s - umahluko 100x okanye ngaphezulu. Kwanakwii-NVMe SSDs zanamhlanje, eziphucula ngokumangalisayo ukusebenza kwe-I/O engahleliweyo, umsantsa usaqhubeka ukusuka kwi-5x ukuya kwi-20x ngokuxhomekeke kumthwalo womsebenzi. Xa isicelo sakho seshishini sikhupha amawaka amancinci, izicelo zokufunda ezisasazekileyo ngomzuzwana — utsalela igama lomthengi apha, i-invoyisi yomgca wento apho, imvume yokukhangela kwenye indawo — ihop nganye yazisa ukubambezeleka okulinganiselwe kwii-microseconds ezidityaniswe kwimizuzwana yexesha lokwenyani lokulinda lomsebenzisi.

Ifiziksi ayikatshintshi kumashumi eminyaka: ukufikelela kwidatha esasazwe kuyo yonke indawo yogcino kucotha kakhulu kunokusasaza ngolandelelwano. Into etshintshileyo sisikali apho izicelo zangoku zivelisa i-I/O engakhethiyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iindleko zayo zingakwazi ukuhoywa.

Irhafu efihliweyo kuyo yonke imisebenzi yeShishini

Qwalasela okwenzekayo xa omnye umsebenzisi evula ideshibhodi yeCRM. Isicelo sibuza itafile yomthengi, iyidibanise nelogs zemisebenzi yamva nje, itsalela amaxabiso ahambelanayo, ijonga iimvume zabasebenzisi, ilayisha amanani ezaziso, kwaye ilanda izikhethwa zokubonisa. Ngamnye kule mibuzo unokuchukumisa iitafile ezahlukeneyo ezigcinwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwidiski. Ideshibhodi ebonisa iirekhodi zabathengi be-50 inokuvelisa 300 ukuya kwi-500 imisebenzi ye-I / O engahleliwephantsi kwe-hood. Phindaphinda-phinda oko ngabasebenzisi abangama-200 ngexesha leeyure zomsebenzi eziphezulu, kwaye iseva yakho yedathabheyisi iqhubekisela phambili ukuya phezulu kwe-100,000 efundwa ngokungacwangciswanga ngomzuzwana.

Le ayiyontelekelelo. Uphononongo lwe-2024 olwenziwe nguPercona lufumene ukuba i-database engasebenzi kakuhle i-database ichitha ukuya kwi-68% yexesha labo elipheleleyo lokubulawaukulinda kwimisebenzi ye-I / O, kunye neepatheni zokufikelela ngokungaqhelekanga kuba ngumenzi-bubi oyintloko. Kwinkampani ye-SaaS ekhonza amawaka amashishini, oku kuguqulela ngokuthe ngqo kwiindleko eziphezulu zeziseko zophuhliso. Ababoneleli bamafu bahlawulisa nge-IOPS (imisebenzi ye-I/O ngesekhondi), kunye nomsebenzi onzima we-I/O-onzima unokutyhala amatyala okugcina enyanga ukusuka kumakhulu ukuya kumashumi amawaka eedola — hayi ngenxa yomthamo wedatha, kodwa ngenxa yeepatheni zokufikelela.

Ixabiso lidlulela ngaphaya kweziseko zophuhliso. Yonke i-100 milliseconds yexesha elongezelelweyo lokulayisha iphepha linciphisa izinga lokuguqulwa malunga ne-7%, ngokophando oluvela ku-Akamai. Xa i-I/O engakhethiyo isongeza umzuzwana opheleleyo ekuveliseni i-invoyisi okanye ukulayisha ingxelo, awutshisi nje ikhompuyutha — utshisa ingeniso.

Apho ii-Business Applications Zopha ukusebenza

Ayizizo zonke iimpawu ezenziwe zalingana xa kufikwa kwiipateni ze-I/O. Ezinye zezona nkqubo zixhaphakileyo zeshishini zikwangowona mthetho umbi wofikelelo olungenamkhethe:

• Uphendlo nohluzo: Ukubuza kwimihlaba emininzi (igama, umhla, ubume, iithegi) kunyanzela uvimba weenkcukacha ukuba askene izalathisi ezithe saa kwindawo yokugcina, ivelisa ufundo olungakhethiyo olunzima
• Udityaniso lweDashboard: Ushwankathelo lwengeniso, ukubala abasebenzisi abasebenzayo, okanye ukubala ii-invoyisi eziphelelwe lixesha kufuna ukubamba amawaka emigca esasazwe kumaphepha awohlukeneyo edatha
• Ukuhlolwa kwemvume: Ulawulo lofikelelo olusekelwe kwindima kwiqonga labaqeshi abaninzi lidla ngokufuna ukukhangelwa okuninzi ngesicelo ngasinye — umsebenzisi → indima → iimvume → uvimba — nganye ibetha iitafile ezahlukeneyo
• Ukwenziwa kwengxelo: Iingxelo zomvuzo wenyanga, izishwankathelo zokugcinwa kwezithuthi, okanye uhlalutyo lwe-HR lutsala idatha kwinqwaba yeetafile ngaxeshanye
• Izaziso zexesha lokwenyani: Ukukhangela imiyalezo emitsha, uhlaziyo lomsebenzi, kunye nezilumkiso zenkqubo kuzo zonke iimodyuli zenza uthotho lwemibuzo emincinci, engacwangciswanga

Ipateni icacile: iimodyuli ezininzi kunye neempawu zeqonga elinikezelayo, iindlela ezininzi ze-I/O ziphindaphindeka. Isixhobo esilula sekhonkco-kwi-bio sinokwenza imibuzo eli-10 ngomthwalo wephepha ngalinye. Inkqubo yokusebenza yeshishini elipheleleyo kunye ne-CRM, i-invoyisi, i-HR, i-payroll, ukubhuka, kunye neemodyuli zokuhlalutya - njengaleyo i-Mewayz ibonelela ngayo kwiimodyuli zayo ze-207 - inokuvelisa amakhulu amakhulu. Umahluko phakathi kweqonga eliziva ngoko nangoko kunye nelinye eliziva lilivila lidla ngokuhla kwindlela ezibukrelekrele ngayo ezo pateni ze-I/O zilawulwa ngasemva kwemifanekiso.

Kutheni ukuphosa i-Hardware kwiNgxaki ayisebenzi

Ithuku xa izicelo zicotha kukuphucula. Iiseva ezinkulu, ii-SSD ezikhawulezayo, i-RAM eninzi. Kwaye ngelixa uphuculo lwehardware lunceda, lulandela igophe lokuncipha kwembuyekezo eyenza ii-CFOs zingakhululeki. Ukuphinda kabini i-RAM yomncedisi wakho wedatha ukusuka kwi-64GB ukuya kwi-128GB kunokuphucula amaxabiso e-cache ukusuka kwi-92% ukuya kwi-96% - inzuzo enentsingiselo, kodwa i-4% eseleyo ye-cache iphosakele ukugcinwa kunye ne-I / O engahleliwe. Ukuphinda kathathu isabelo sakho se-IOPS kwi-AWS ukusuka kwi-3,000 ukuya kwi-10,000 kubiza malunga ne-450 yeedola ngaphezulu ngenyanga kodwa kunokuphucula kuphela amaxesha okuphendula kwe-p99 ngama-30%.

Eyona ngxaki yeyokwakha. I-Random I/O idla ngokuba luphawu lwemiba enzulu: izalathisi ezilahlekileyo okanye eziyilwe kakubi, iipatheni zombuzo ze-N + 1 apho isicelo senza umnxeba omnye wedatha yedatha ngento nganye endaweni yokudibanisa, ii-schemas eziqheleke kakhulu ezifuna ukudityaniswa kwetafile ezintlanu kumqolo omnye wokubonisa, kunye nokungabikho kokuphindaphindwa kokufunda okanye i-caching layers. Uphuculo lwe-Hardware lunyanga uphawu. Ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo kuyayinyanga unobangela.

Owona msebenzi we-I/O ubiza kakhulu ngulowo ungafanelanga ukuba ubekho kwasekuqaleni. Ngedola nganye echithwe ngokukhawuleza ugcino, ishumi leesenti ezichithwe ekwenziweni kwemibuzo inika iziphumo ezingcono. Iinkampani eziphumeleleyo ekusebenzeni azilugqibi ukhuphiswano lwazo — zicinga ngokungaphaya kweendlela zazo zokufikelela kwidatha.

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Izicwangciso-qhinga eziSebenzayo eziNciphisa i-Random I/O

Ukunciphisa i-I/O engakhethiyo ayifuni kuphinda kubhalwe ngokupheleleyo kwisicelo sakho. Ifuna utshintsho olujoliswe kuyo, olunokulinganiswa kwindlela idatha egcinwa ngayo, ifikeleleke ngayo, kunye ne-cached. Nazi izicwangciso ezinikezela ngeyona mpembelelo iphezulu:

1. Phumeza ukubuza imibuzo Buyisela N+1 iipateni zombuzo ngokulayisha ngolangazelelo. Ukuba ideshibhodi yakho ilayisha abathengi abangama-50 kunye nomsebenzi wabo wakutshanje, landa zonke iiseti ze-50 zemisebenzi kumbuzo omnye usebenzisa APHO umthengi_id IN (...) kune-50 yokujonga umntu ngamnye. Oku kukodwa kunokunciphisa i-I/O engacwangciswanga ngama-80% kuluhlu lweembono.
2. Sebenzisa izalathisi ezidityanisiweyo ngobuchule. Isalathiso esidityanisiweyo kwi (tenant_id, status, created_at) yenza uvimba weenkcukacha wonelise imibuzo eqhelekileyo ehluziweyo ngokuskena okukodwa kolandelelwano lwesalathiso endaweni yojongo oluninzi olungakhethiyo kuzo zonke izalathisi ezahlukeneyo.
3. Yazisa umaleko we-caching ngokungasebenzi okukrelekrele. I-Cache ifikeleleka rhoqo kodwa ingafane iguqulwe idatha — iimvume zomsebenzisi, useto lwentlangano, ulungelelwaniso lwemodyuli — kwinkumbulo. I-Redis okanye i-Memcached inokukhonza ezi kwi-microseconds, isusa amawaka okufunda okungahleliwe ngomzuzu.
4. I-compute aggregations. Endaweni yokubala ingeniso yenyanga okanye i-headcount kumthwalo ngamnye wedeshibhodi, qhuba imisebenzi yokudibanisa kwishedyuli kwaye ugcine iziphumo. Ukurhweba ngexabiso elincinci lokuhlaziyeka kwedatha yokunciphisa okukhulu kwi-real-time random I/O.
5. Yahlula iitafile ezinkulu ngepatheni yofikelelo. Ukuba 90% yemibuzo ichukumisa idatha ukususela kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ezidlulileyo, yahlulahlula iitafile zakho ngokoluhlu lomhla ukuze ulwahlulo olusebenzayo luhlale lushushu kwi-cache ngelixa idatha yembali ihlala ibanda kugcino olusezantsi.

Ayibobuchule obungaqhelekanga. Ziipateni ezifanayo ezivumela amaqonga asebenzela amakhulu amawaka abasebenzisi ukugcina amaxesha okuphendula angaphantsi kwesibini kujongano oluntsonkothileyo, lweemodyuli ezininzi. Xa iMewayz iphinda yakha i-architecture yayo ye-V2 - ukukala ukusuka kwisixhobo esinye sekhonkco-in-bio ukuya kwi-OS yemodyuli ye-207 yeshishini ekhonza abasebenzisi abangaphezu kwe-138,000 - ukuqinisa iipateni zokufikelela kwi-I / O kwakusisiseko sokwenza oko kwandiso kusebenze ngaphandle kokuphindaphinda iindleko zeziseko zophuhliso ngokulinganayo.

Impembelelo eDibanisayo kumava oMsebenzisi kunye noGcino

Intsebenzo ayiyongxaki nje yomva — luphawu lwemveliso. Uphando lukaGoogle luye lwabonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba 53% yabasebenzisi beselula bashiya iphepha elithatha ixesha elide kunemizuzwana ye-3 ukulayisha. Kwizicelo zeshishini apho abasebenzisi banxibelelana izihlandlo ezininzi ngosuku, ukunyamezelana kuphantsi nangakumbi. Umphathi we-payroll oqhuba iingxelo zeveki, i-HR ikhokela abafaki zicelo, okanye i-sales rep ejonga ubume bombhobho - aba basebenzisi baphuhlisa ingqiqo yesantya. Basenokungachazi "i-Random I/O latency kwi-invoyisi yombuzo oqokelelweyo iphezulu kakhulu," kodwa baya kuthi "le software ivakala icotha" kwaye iqalise ukuvavanya ezinye iindlela.

Isiphumo sokudibanisa sinomlinganiselo. Iqonga elilayisha iideshibhodi kwi-800ms endaweni yemizuzwana eyi-2.4 ayiva nje i-3x ngokukhawuleza - iyatshintsha indlela yokuziphatha. Abasebenzisi bajonga idatha rhoqo, baphonononge iimodyuli ezininzi, kwaye badibanise isixhobo ngokunzulu ekusebenzeni kwabo. Ukuzibandakanya okuphezulu kuqhuba ukugcinwa okuphezulu, okukhokelela kwixabiso eliphezulu lobomi. U-Slack udume ngokubabalela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokukhula kwakhe kwangaphambili ekuphuculweni kokusebenza ngokugqithisileyo, eqonda ukuba isantya ngokwaso yayilikhondo lokhuphiswano.

Kuwo onke amaqonga eshishini elinye, oku kuphinda-phinda kwimodyuli nganye. Ukuba iCRM iyakhawuleza kodwa i-invoyisi iyacotha, umbono weqonga lilonke uyasokola. Ukungaguquguquki kokusebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo - ukusuka kulawulo lokubhukisha ukuya ekulandeleni izithuthi ukuya kuhlalutyo - kufuna ngokuqhubekayo iipateni ze-I/O eziphuculweyo kuyo yonke indawo, hayi kwezona modyuli zibonakalayo kuphela.

Ukumeta Okubalulekileyo: Ukwenza I-Random I/O Ibonakale

Awunakulungisa into ongayiboniyo. Inyathelo lokuqala lokujongana neendleko ze-I/O ezingaqhelekanga kukwenza ukuba zibonakale kubunjineli bakho kunye namaqela okusebenza. Izixhobo zangoku zokubonwa ezifana neDatadog, iRelic eNtsha, okanye izisombululo ezivulekileyo ezifana nePrometheus eneGrafana inokulandelela iipateni ze-IOPS, imibuzo yokusasazwa kwe-latency, kunye namaxabiso e-cache ngexesha lokwenyani. Iimetriki ezibaluleke kakhulu zezi:

• p95 kunye ne-p99 query latency: I-avareji ye-latency ifihla intlungu. Ipesenti ye-95 kunye ne-99 ibonisa ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto icothayo - kunye neyona nto ikhungathekileyo - abasebenzisi abanamava ngokwenene
• I-IOPS ukwahlulwa ngokufunda vs. bhala, ngokulandelelana ngokuchasene ne-random: Oku kubonisa ukuba umthwalo wakho wokusebenza u-I/O-bopheleleke kwaye uluphi uhlobo lwe-I/O olulawulayo
• Cache hit ratio: Umlinganiselo ongaphantsi kwe-95% kwisistim elungiswe kakuhle ucebisa iipatheni zofikelelo lwedatha ezingakhutshelwanga kwinkumbulo
• Ubalo lombuzo ngomthwalo wephepha ngalinye: Ukuba isenzo somsebenzisi omnye sivusa ngaphezulu kwemibuzo ye-database ye-20-30, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho ithuba lokuphucula

Exhotyiswe ngale datha, amaqela angabeka phambili ezona mpembelelo ziphezulu zilungiselelwe kunokuqikelela. Amashishini aphatha ukusebenza kwe-I / O njenge-metric yeklasi yokuqala - ecaleni kwexesha, amazinga eempazamo, kunye nokwaneliseka komsebenzisi - zihlala zihambisa iimveliso ezikhawulezayo kwiindleko eziphantsi. Kwimarike apho abasebenzisi balindele ukuba izixhobo zoshishino ziphendule njengee-apps zabathengi, olo qeqesho alukhethi. Ngumahluko phakathi kweqonga elinobungangamsha ukuya kubasebenzisi abali-138,000 kunye nelinye elibophayo phantsi kokuntsokotha kwalo.

Lawula ishishini lakho ngeMewayz

Mewayz izisa iimodyuli zoshishino ezingama-207 kwiqonga elinye — CRM, i-invoyisi, ulawulo lweprojekthi, nokunye. Joyina abasebenzisi abayi-138,000+ abenze lula ukuhamba kwabo.

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Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Yintoni kanye kanye i-I/O engaqhelekanga, kwaye kutheni icotha kangaka?

Random I/O yenzeka xa inkqubo ifunda okanye ibhala amaqhekeza amancinane edata ukusuka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ezingalandelelaniyo kwindawo yokugcina. Ngokungafaniyo nolandelelwano lwe-I/O (ukufunda ifayile ukuqala-ukuya-ukugqiba), funda/ubhale intloko kufuneka ihlale itsiba, idala ukulibaziseka okubonakalayo komzimba. Esi sesona sizathu siphambili sokuba umbuzo wesiseko sedatha ulanda iirekhodi ezisasaziweyo ucotha kakhulu kunokusasaza ifayile yevidiyo enkulu, nokuba isixa esipheleleyo sedatha sincinci.

Ingaba i-I/O engacwangciswanga iyichaphazela njani ngokuthe ngqo imisebenzi yam yeshishini?

Ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amava omsebenzisi kunye nemveliso. Iimpendulo ezicothayo zezicelo ziyabakhathaza abathengi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlweni kwenqwelo kunye namatikiti axhasayo. Kubasebenzi, iiCRM ezinobuvila kunye nezixhobo zokunika ingxelo zichitha ixesha elibalulekileyo. Oku kulibaziseka kuguqulela kwiindleko ezibonakalayo: iintengiso ezilahlekileyo, ukwehla kokusebenza kakuhle kwabasebenzi, kunye nokwenzakala okunokwenzeka kwisidima sophawu lwakho lokuphendula. Isekondi nganye yokubambezeleka inexabiso lemali.

Ngaba le asiyongxaki yehardware nje? Andikwazi ukuthenga nje ii-SSD ezikhawulezayo?

Ngelixa ii-SSD ezikhawulezayo zinceda, zisisisombululo esinendleko kwaye kaninzi asiphelelanga. Oyena nobangela udla ngokuba yisoftware engasebenziyo eyenza izicelo ezininzi ezincinci, ezisasazekileyo zedatabase. Ukuphucula ikhowudi yesicelo kunye nemibuzo yedatha yokunciphisa i-I / O engahleliwe isebenza kakhulu. Izisombululo ezifanaMewayz, kunye neemodyuli zayo ze-207 ezakhiwe kwangaphambili eziqala kwi-$ 19 / mo, zenzelwe ukulungelelanisa iipatheni zokufikelela kwedatha ngokufanelekileyo.

Leliphi inyathelo lokuqala lokuchonga ukuba ngaba i-I/O ingumqobo wam?

Qala ngezixhobo zokujonga ukusebenza kwesicelo sakho. Khangela i-database metrics ebonisa imisebenzi ephezulu yokufunda/yokubhala ngesekhondi (IOPS) edityaniswe namaxesha ombuzo ocothayo. Iprofayili yesicelo sakho ukuchonga rhoqo, imibuzo emincinci. Ukuba isenzo somsebenzisi omnye sixhokonxa iminxeba emininzi yesiseko sedata endaweni yezimbalwa ezisebenzayo, usenokuba ufumene umba we-I/O ofuna ukulungiswa.

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