I-Open Source Endowment - umthombo omtsha wenkxaso-mali wabalondolozi bemithombo evulelekileyo

Ingxaki Ethuleyo Yokunika amandla kuQoqosho lweDijithali

Ndaweni ithile ngoku, umphuhlisi oyedwa uchwetheza ubuthathaka obubalulekileyo kwithala leencwadi elinika amandla malunga ne-78% yeeseva zewebhu ze-intanethi. Bawenza ezinzulwini zobusuku, emva kokusebenza imini yonke emsebenzini wabo, kuba akukho mntu ubahlawulayo ngalo msebenzi. Ithala leencwadi lineebhiliyoni ezi-2.3 ezikhutshelweyo. Umgcini wayo wenze i-0 yeedola kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Oku akuyontelekelelo - libali leeprojekthi ezininzi zemithombo evulekileyo ezenza isiseko esingabonakaliyo seqonga ngalinye le-SaaS, yonke imfumba yeshishini, zonke izicelo eziphathwayo ezisebenzayo namhlanje.

Ingxaki evulelekileyo yozinzo ayintsha, kodwa ifikelele kwindawo yokwenyani. Xa kwavela ubungozi be-Log4Shell ngoDisemba ka-2021, yabhenca ithala leencwadi eligcinwe liqaqobana lamavolontiya ahlala ngaphakathi kweenkqubo eApple, eAmazon, eTesla nakurhulumente wase-US. Uqhankqalazo olwalandelayo lokuyilungisa ludle imibutho imali eqikelelwa kwi-10 leebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiinzame zokuyilungisa. Abagcini bafumana mbuyekezo. Isifundo sasibalulekile: uqoqosho lwehlabathi lwakha iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo kubasebenzi bokuzithandela kwaye balubiza ngokuba luphawu.

Ngoku, imodeli entsha yenkxaso-mali ifumana amandla amakhulu: iendowment yomthombo ovulekileyo. Ibolekwe kwihlabathi leeyunivesithi kunye namaziko enkcubeko, le ndlela yokusebenzela ithembisa into engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yamaqonga enkxaso-mali angazange afikeleleke—inkxaso-mali eyakhiweyo, ehlala ihleli engagungqiyo xa umxhasi weshishini etshintsha izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka.

Sithetha ntoni iSibonelelo kuMthombo oVulekileyo

Imodeli yesipho ilula ngokukhohlisa. Iphuli yemali eyinkunzi-edla ngokunikezelwa ngamaqumrhu, iziseko, okanye abantu abazizityebi-ityalwe kwipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo. Kuphela yimbuyekezo yonyaka, edla ngokuba yi-4-5% yetotali iyonke, isasazwa kubalondolozi kunye neeprojekthi. Inqununu ihleli yodwa ngokungapheliyo. I-50 yezigidi zeerandi enikezelwayo eyenza imbuyekezo yonyaka eyi-4.5% ivelisa i-2.25 yezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka kwinkxaso-mali engapheliyo, yahlulwe ngokupheleleyo ekubeni nayiphi na inkampani ethile iziva inesisa kuloo kota.

Oku kwahluke kakhulu kwindlela amaqonga afana nabaxhasi beGitHub, i-Open Collective, okanye iPatreon isebenza ngayo. Ezo modeli, ngelixa zixabisekile, zenza oko oosoqoqosho bakubiza ngokuba yiimali eguquguqukayo - abagcini bakha ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo yengeniso enokuthi ihle ngobusuku xa umxhasi wenkampani efunyenwe, ehamba ngokudilizwa, okanye athathe isigqibo sokuphinda aqondise ibhajethi yomthombo ovulekileyo. Uphononongo olwenziwa yi-Linux Foundation lufumanise ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-60% yeeprojekthi ezibalulekileyo zemithombo evulekileyo ziye zafumana ukwehla okukhulu kwenkxaso-mali kulo naliphi na ixesha leminyaka emithathu.

Izipho zokusombulula le ngxaki yesakhiwo. I-Apache Software Foundation isebenze imodeli ye-quasi-endowment iminyaka, kwaye yiyo loo nto iiprojekthi ze-Apache ziye zahlala zizinzile ngemijikelo yoqoqosho emininzi. IPython Software Foundation ngokufanayo yakha oovimba. Into etshintshayo ngoku kukutyhala ukwenza ngokusesikweni, ukukala, kunye nokulungelelanisa le ndlela yokusebenzela kuyo yonke i-ikhosistim ebanzi - hayi nje kwiziseko, kodwa isenzela abagcini bomntu ngamnye kunye noluntu lweeprojekthi ezincinci.

Amanani angemva kwengxaki yokuxhomekeka

Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni i-endowments ibalulekile, kufuneka uqale ubambe isikali se-asymmetry yokuxhomekeka. Uphando olwenziwa yi-Synopsys lufumene ukuba i-97% ye-codebases yorhwebo iqulethe amacandelo omthombo ovulekileyo, kwaye isicelo esiphakathi sikhupha kwi-528 yokuxhomekeka komthombo ovulekileyo okhethekileyo. Iinkampani ezakha kolu xhomekeko zenze iitriliyoni kwingeniso ngo-2024. Abagcini bokuxhomekeka ngokudibeneyo bafumene iqhezu lepesenti yelo xabiso ngembuyekezo.

Qwalasela iimeko ezithile ezibonisa umsantsa. Iphakheji colors.js yakhutshelwa amaxesha ezigidi ezingama-23 ngeveki ngaphambi kokuba umgcini wayo, ekhungathekiswe yiminyaka ye-zero yembuyekezo, wonakalisa ngamabomu ngoJanuwari 2022. I- pad-left-pad isiganeko se-2016 - apho iphakheji ye-11-line engashicilelwanga yaphula i-Reacts engamawaka kwaye igcina i-Nodej igcina i-nodej kwi-traced. kwimbuyekezo. I faker.js imeko ebonisa imibala.js phantse kanye. Ezi ibingezozehlo zodwa zokuziphatha kakubi komphuhlisi; yayiziimpawu zesakhiwo senkuthazo esaphukileyo.

"Siye sakha uqoqosho lwedijithali kwisiseko somsebenzi wokuzithandela kwaye sabiza ngokuba 'luluntu.' Ngaxa lithile, uluntu luyadinwa. Izipho yindlela owenza ngayo umbulelo ube yinto elungeleleneyo endaweni yokulangazelela."

Imeko yeshishini lokuthatha inxaxheba kwenkampani kwizipho zomthombo ovulekileyo womelele kunokuba amaqela amaninzi ezezimali ecinga. Uphononongo luka-2023 lweSikole soShishino saseHarvard luqikelele ixabiso loqoqosho lwesoftware yemithombo evulekileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-8.8 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zeerandi - ixabiso lokuba iinkampani zifikelele simahla kodwa imveliso yazo aziyixhasi. Ukunikela kwisiphiwo asilosisa; lulondolozo lweziseko ezingundoqo oluguqulwe njengobubele.

Njani uLwakhiwo lweZibonelelo eziYilwa ngayo

Imifuziselo evelayo yesipho somthombo ovulekileyo iyahluka ngokobume, kodwa imigaqo yoyilo emininzi iyadibana kwinto esebenzayo:

• Ukuzimela kulawulo lweshishini: Iimodeli ezisebenzayo kakhulu zahlula abaxhasi ekuthathweni kwezigqibo. Abaxhasi baxhasa ngemali isibonelelo kodwa abafumani voti apho iiprojekthi zifumana ulwabiwo.
• Iindlela zokwabelwa izinto elubala: Iiprojekthi ezifana neFOSS Fund ziye zazama ngemizekelo yokutyumba abasebenzi; abanye basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwegrafu yokuxhomekeka kubunzima benkxaso-mali ukuya kwiiprojekthi ezinempembelelo esezantsi kakhulu.
• Usetyenziso-mali oluchazwe ngumgcini-mali: Izibonelelo ezisebenzayo azifakeli imitya kwizabelo. Abagcini banokusebenzisa imali ngexesha labo, uphicotho lokhuseleko, ukwenza amaxwebhu, okanye nje njengembuyekezo yeminyaka yomsebenzi wangaphambili.
• Iifestile zokuzibophelela iminyaka emininzi: Iinkampani ezibophelela kwi-endowments ngokuqhelekileyo zikwenza oko kwiminyaka eyi-5-10, enikezela uzinzo lwesicwangciso esingenakukwazi ukujikeleza unyaka omnye wenkxaso.
• Indlela yokucinga ye-Ecosystem-level: Ezona zakhiwo zibalaseleyo zenkxaso-mali hayi nje iiprojekthi zemarquee kodwa nomsila omde wezinto eziluncedo ezingaziwayo ezizixhasayo - uhlobo lweeprojekthi ezineenkwenkwezi ze-GitHub eziyi-50 kunye nezigidi ezingama-40 zokukhutshelwa ngeveki.

I-Sovereign Tech Fund, exhaswa ngurhulumente waseJamani, isasaze ngaphezulu kwe-26 yezigidi zeedola ukuvula imithombo yeziseko zoncedo ukusukela ngo-2022 kwaye imele inguqulelo ekhokelwa ngurhulumente yale modeli. E-United States, i-Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF) itsale ngaphezu kwe-150 yezigidi zeerandi kwizibophelelo ezivela kuGoogle, iMicrosoft, i-Amazon, kunye nabanye - esebenza njengomxube phakathi kwengxowa-mali ethe ngqo kunye nesipho sokwenyani.

Ubalo loShishino: Kutheni Ngoku

Kukho into etshintshileyo kwizimo zengqondo zenkampani emva kohlaselo lonikezelo lweprofayili ephezulu. I-SolarWinds ngo-2020, i-Log4Shell ngo-2021, kunye ne-XZ Utils ngasemva ngo-2024 - apho umlingisi wesizwe wachitha iminyaka emibini ehlakulela ukuthembela njengomnikeli womthombo ovulekileyo wobuxoki ngaphambi kokutyala i-backdoor - yenza amaqela okhuseleko kunye nee-CFOs zihoye ngeendlela ebezingazange zihoye ngaphambili. Isehlo se-XZ Utils ingakumbi sasibanda kakhulu kuba yaphantse yaphumelela kwaye ngenxa yokuba yasebenzisa obona buthathaka obungaxhaswanga ngemali ngumthombo ovulekileyo odala: abagcini batshiswe ngokwaneleyo ukuze bamkele uncedo oluvela kubantu abangabaziyo.

Iimfuno zokudiza zenkqubo entsha ye-SEC yonikezelo lwesoftware, esebenzayo kwiinkampani zoluntu, zongeze uxinzelelo lolawulo. Iinkampani ngoku kufuneka zicinge ngokucwangcisiweyo malunga nokuxhomekeka komthombo ovulekileyo kungekuphela nje ngezizathu zobunjineli kodwa ngezizathu zomthetho kunye nokuthotyelwa. Oko kucinga ngokwendalo kukhokelela ekubuzeni: yintoni umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kolu kuxhomekeka, kwaye kuya kubiza ntoni ukuthomalalisa? Uthatho-nxaxheba lwe-Endowment luya luvela ngakumbi kuluhlu "lokunciphisa umngcipheko" kolo hlahlelo, hayi nje "kumnandi ukuba nakho" ikholamu.

Kwiinkampani ezifana ne-Mewayz - esebenza kwiimodyuli zeshishini ezihlanganisiweyo ezingama-207 ezibonelela ngabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwe-138,000 kwihlabathi jikelele - uvimba womthombo ovulekileyo awuzenzekelanga; isisiseko. Wonke umaleko we-OS yeshishini langoku, ukusuka kwiinjini zedatha ukuya kwiilayibrari zoqinisekiso ukuya kwii-SDK zokuqhuba intlawulo, uchukumisa umthombo ovulekileyo. Amaqonga akhiwe kwesi sikali anomdla wolwakhiwo kuzinzo lwemithombo evulelekileyo kunye nethuba elidumileyo lokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwangoko kwiimodeli zezipho ezibonisa ubugosa bexesha elide lwe-ecosystem.

Yintoni efunwa ngabagcini (Ayiyomali nje)

Iincoko ezimalunga nenkxaso-mali yomthombo ovulekileyo zihlala ziwela "kukuhlawula nje abagcini ngakumbi," kodwa ubunyani bomhlaba bubaluleke kakhulu. Uninzi lwabalondolozi abafumana inkxaso-mali ngamaqonga anje ngeGitHub Sponsors ingxelo yokuba imali iyodwa ayijongani namanqaku abo aphambili entlungu. Ukutshiswa, ukumiselwa kwemida, ulawulo lwabanegalelo, kunye nokuntsonkotha kolawulo kuyimiqobo ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo kulondolozo oluzinzileyo.

Olona yilo lucingisisiweyo lwesipho luqala ukuphendula oku. Uphando lweQela lombhalo ongenanto malunga nentlalo-ntle yafumanisa ukuba abalondolozi bahlala bebeka ezi zinto njengezidingo zabo eziphezulu:

1. Ingeniso ethembekileyo, ephindaphindiweyo kuneminikelo yexesha elinye
2. Uncedo ngomsebenzi wolawulo nolawulo, hayi nje igalelo lekhowudi
3. Inkxaso-mali yophicotho-zincwadi olungafuni ukuba umlondolozi abe yingcaphephe yokhuseleko
4. Inkxaso yomthetho kwimibuzo yelayisensi kunye nemiba yokuthotyelwa
5. Izibonelelo zempilo yengqondo kunye noluntu loontanga kunye nabanye abagcini

Izipho ezilungiselelwe oku kuqonda zihamba ngaphaya kolwabiwo lwemali olusulungekileyo ukuya koko kunokubizwa ngokuba yiendowments zeenkonzo — imifuziselo apho ingxowa-mali yenza ikhontrakthi yoncedo olukhethekileyo egameni leprojekthi kunokubhala iitshekhi kuphela. Imodeli ye-Tidelift yalatha kweli cala, nangona abagxeki beqaphela ukuba isaxhomekeke kwingeniso yomrhumeli ngamnye kunokuba i-endowment mechanics eyinyani.

Ulwakhiwo lweziseko ezingundoqo zoMthombo oVulekileyo ongunaphakade

Umceli mngeni obonakalayo wokuphumeza i-endowments ngokomlinganiselo kumaziko, hayi ezemali. Ukuseka ulwakhiwo oluvakalayo olusemthethweni lwe-endowment lufuna ubume besiseko, iingxelo zomgaqo-nkqubo wotyalo-mali, ulawulo lwempixano-yenzala, kunye neendlela zokusasaza - uhlobo lombutho ongaphezulu apho uninzi lweeprojekthi zemithombo evulelekileyo azixhotyiswanga ngendlela emangalisayo ukuzilawula. Apha kulapho imibutho yabalamli ibaluleka khona.

Amaqela amaninzi angenzi nzuzo azibeka kwindawo yawo njengababoneleli beziseko ezingundoqo - imibutho eyamkela iminikelo, ibambe kwaye ityale imali eyinkunzi, kwaye yabe imbuyekezo ngokwemigaqo ekuvunyelwene ngayo, ukuze iiprojekthi zodwa akufuneki ukuba zizakhele ngokwazo esi sikhundla. I-Software Freedom Conservancy, NumFOCUS, kunye ne-Eclipse Foundation zonke zineenkalo zobu buchule, nangona kungekho namnye othe wasungula imveliso yemali-mboleko esisigxina esemthethweni apho iiprojekthi ezincinci zinokujoyina ngokulula.

Olona phuhliso luthembisayo lunokuba kukuvela kovavanyo lwe-endowment kwi-Ethereum ecosystem, apho iikontraki ezihlakaniphile zinokunyanzelisa imigaqo yokusabalalisa ngokuchaneka kwezibalo kunye nokucaca okupheleleyo. Imifuniselo yenkxaso-mali ye-quadratic ye-Gitcoin, ngelixa ingekho i-endowments ngengqiqo engqongqo, iqalise ukucinga ngolawulo oluya kwazisa olu yilo. I-endowment eyakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo ye-on-chain endowment ingasusa ngokwethiyori ingqiqo yomntu ekuhanjisweni ngokupheleleyo, ukwaba imali ngokusekelwe kwiigrafu zokuxhomekeka, ubume bophicotho lokhuseleko, kunye nemiqondiso yomsebenzi womlondolozi - ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ngokungapheliyo.

Indlela ePhambili: Ukusuka kwi-Aspiration ukuya kwi-Architecture

Umthombo ovulekileyo we-endowment movement isesekuqaleni, kodwa i-trajectory icacile. Ukudityaniswa koxinzelelo lolawulo, iziganeko zokhuseleko, kunye nokukhula kobuchule benkampani malunga nomngcipheko wekhonkco lonikezelo kudala iimeko zokwenziwa kwenkunzi yokwenyani. Umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba iziseko ezingundoqo zeziko zingakhiwa ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze kuthathwe loo mali phambi kokuba ichitheke kwezinye iindlela ezingacwangciswanga kangako.

Kushishino lweteknoloji olubanzi, iistake zidlulela ngaphaya komthombo ovulelekileyo woluntu ngokwawo. Utshintsho lwemveliso oluthe lwaziswa yisoftware kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo luyinzuzo enkulu kutyalo-mali lwemithombo evulelekileyo - utyalo-mali olwenziwa ikakhulu ngamavolontiya angakhange afumane nto ngembuyekezo. Izipho zimele ukuqondwa okusemva kwexesha kodwa okuyimfuneko ukuba le modeli, ngelixa iphawuleka, ayizinzeki ngaphandle kwenkxaso yolwakhiwo.

Iinkampani kunye namaqonga athatha inxaxheba kwangethuba kwizakhiwo ze-endowment eziyilwe kakuhle ziya kuba zenza ubhejo oluhlawulayo hayi kushicilelo lweendaba kodwa kwinto ehlala ixesha elide: ubukho obuqhubekayo kunye nokhuseleko lwe-software ecosystems amashishini abo axhomekeke kuyo. Kwihlabathi apho uqoqosho lwedijithali kunye nolwenyama lukhula ngokufana, ayiloncedo lobubele. Lulo lolondolozo lweziseko zophuhliso. Kwaye iziseko zophuhliso, njengoko nayiphi na injineli iya kukuxelela, ayizilungiseleli.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Yintoni i-Open Source Endowment kwaye yohluke njani kwiinkxaso zemveli?

I-Open Source Endowment ngumzekelo wenkxaso-mali wexesha elide apho inkunzi ityalwa kwaye kuphela imbuyekezo isasazwa kubalondolozi - ukubonelela ngengeniso ezinzileyo, ephindaphindayo kuneminikelo ephuma kanye. Ngokungafaniyo neenkxaso zemveli ezinokunyamalala ngobusuku nje obunye, i-endowment idala ukuzimela kwezemali, ivumela abaphuhlisi bagxile kukhuseleko, umgangatho, kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide ngaphandle kokusukela inkoliseko yeshishini yexesha elifutshane.

Kutheni amashishini kufuneka akhathalele ukuxhasa ngemali amathala eencwadi avulelekileyo axhomekeke kuwo?

Lonke uluhlu lweshishini lwangoku ngokuthe cwaka luxhomekeke kwikhowudi yomthombo ovulekileyo. Xa ubuthathaka obubalulekileyo buvela kwithala leencwadi elingagcinwanga, iindleko zokophulwa zinciphisa nawuphi na umrhumo wenkxaso-mali. Iiplatform ezifana neMewayz - i-OS ye-module ye-207 yeshishini kwi-$ 19 / ngenyanga - ngokwazo ezakhelwe kwiziseko zomthombo ovulekileyo. Utyalo-mali kwi-ikhosistim enika amandla izixhobo zakho kulawulo olulungileyo lomngcipheko kunye nokuziqhelanisa noshishino olusesikweni.

Ngubani ofanelekela ukufumana inkxaso-mali ngenkqubo yeSibonelelo esiVulelekileyo?

Ukufaneleka kukholisa ukujolisa kubagcini beeprojekthi ezamkelwe ngokubanzi, ezinelayisenisi zikawonke-wonke ezibonisa impembelelo enokulinganiswa — njengomthamo wokukhuphela, oovimba abaxhomekeke, okanye usetyenziso lweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo. Abagcini be-solo kunye namaqela amancinci anenkxaso encinci yorhwebo abekwe phambili, kuba iiprojekthi ezinkulu ezixhaswa yinkampani sele zinezibonelelo. Injongo kukufikelela kumphuhlisi ongahoywanga wokupeyinta ubuthathaka ezinzulwini zobusuku ngembuyekezo yemali engunothi.

Ngaba abaphuhlisi abazimeleyo kunye namaqela amancinci bangayifikelela njani ingeniso ezinzileyo ngaphaya kweegranti ezivulelekileyo?

Ngaphaya kwezipho, abaphuhlisi banokwahlula ingeniso ngokubonisana, ukusingathwa okulawulwayo, kunye neeplatifti ze-in-one ezinciphisa ngaphezulu kokusebenza. I-Mewayz (app.mewayz.com) ibonelela nge-OS yeshishini lemodyuli engama-207 nge-$19/ngenyanga, ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba baqhube iiphothali zabaxumi, iCRM, kunye ne-invoyisi ngaphandle kokujija izixhobo ezininzi ezihlawulweyo - kukhulula ixesha elingakumbi kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kutyalo-mali kwakhona kumsebenzi womthombo ovulekileyo obalulekileyo.