Lil' Ulonwabo Langs' Amathumbu

Yintoni kanye kanye i-"Lil' Fun Langs"?

Ilizwe lenkqubo lizele ziilwimi ezingazange zenzelwe ukunika amandla abancedisi bokuvelisa okanye ukuqhuba izigidi zentengiselwano. Iilwimi ezifana neLox (esuka kuRobert Nystrom'sCrafting Interpreters), iMonkey (esuka kwi-Thorsten Ball'sUkubhala i-Interpreter in Go), okanye iilwimi ezihlekisayo ezifana ne-Brainfuck kunye ne-Chef zikhona ukufundisa, ukonwabisa, kunye nokutyhala imida yento "ulwimi" oluthetha ngayo. Ezi lwimi zincinci zihluba ukuntsokotha kwezixhobo zelizwe lokwenyani kwaye zibhentsise ubuxhakaxhaka obukrwada bendlela ikhowudi eba yintshukumo ngayo.

Kodwa "lil' fun langs" ayipheleliselwanga kwimithambo yokufundisa. Iilwimi ezithe ngqo kwi-Domain zinika amandla ezinye zezona zixhobo zoshishino zisebenzayo kwimarike. Ngalo lonke ixesha ubhala ifomula kwi-spreadsheet, chaza umgaqo wokucoca kumxhasi wakho we-imeyile, okanye ulungiselele ukuhamba komsebenzi okuzenzekelayo kwiqonga elifana neMewayz, usebenzisana nolwimi oluncinci, olwakhiwe ngenjongo. Iimodyuli ze-207 ngaphakathi kwe-Mewayz - ezithatha i-CRM, i-invoyisi, i-HR, ulawulo lwezithuthi, kunye nokunye - zithembele kwiinjini zolawulo lwangaphakathi kunye neepaseji zokubonisa ezithi, kwiilwimi zabo ezincinci, ezilungiselelwe ukunika abasebenzisi amandla ngaphandle kokufuna isidanga sesayensi yekhompyutha.

Ukuqonda i-anatomy yezi lwimi kutyhila ukuba kutheni ezinye izixhobo zivakala zinengqondo ngelixa ezinye ziziva ngathi zijijisana nencwadana ebhalwe komnye umlinganiselo.

I-Lexer: Ukwaphula Amagama Kwi-Atom

Lonke ulwimi, nokuba luncinci kangakanani na, luqala ngenyathelo elisisiseko elifanayo: uhlalutyo lwelexical, okanye "lexing." I-lexer ithatha umtya oluhlaza wamagama - into efana < ikhowudi> iyonke = ixabiso * ubuninzi + irhafu - kwaye iyaphule ibe ngamaqhekeza anentsingiselo abizwa ngokuba yimiqondiso. I-lexer ayikhathali ngentsingiselo okwangoku. Ibonisa nje ukuba iyonke sisazisi, = ngumsebenzi wesabelo, ixabiso sesinye isichongi, * kuphindaphinda, njalo njalo.

Ukwakha i-lexer yolwimi oluncinci kuyanelisa ngokumangalisayo. Kwimigca engaphantsi kwe-100 yekhowudi, unokufundisa inkqubo yokuqaphela amanani, iintambo, amagama angundoqo, kunye nabaqhubi. Ubulula yingongoma - ikunyanzela ukuba ucinge malunga nokuba yeyiphi na iseti encinci "yamagama" efunwa lulwimi lwakho. Oku kucinga okufanayo kuyasebenza xa kuyilwa izixhobo ezijongene nomsebenzisi. Xa i-injini ye-automation ye-Mewayz ivumela umnini-shishini elincinci ukuba amisele umthetho ofana "xa i-invoyisi iphelelwe lixesha ngeentsuku ezisi-7, thumela i-imeyile yesikhumbuzi," inkqubo ikhupha ngokuzolileyo loo mthetho kwiimpawu ezicwangcisiweyo enokuthi isebenze. Olona jongano lungcono luziva lungasebenzi ngokuchanekileyo kuba umntu ebecinga nzulu malunga nokuba ezona yunithi zincinci zinentsingiselo zenjongo yomsebenzisi zikhangeleka njani.

Ukwahlulahlula: Ukuguqula iiMpawu eziMcaba zibe yiMithi ePhilayo

Xa sele unamathokheni, udinga isakhiwo. I-Parsing iguqula ulandelelwano olusicaba lwamathokheni kwi-Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) - umboniso we-hierarchical obamba ubudlelwane phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zentetho. Intetho 3 + 4 * 5 ayikho nje ulandelelwano lwamathokheni amahlanu; ngumthi apho uphinda-phindo lubophelela kakhulu kunokudibanisa, luvelise ama-23 endaweni yama-35.

Kulapho izinto ziba mnandi ngokwenene. Ukwahlulahlula i-algorithms njengokwehla okuphinda-phindayo okanye ukwahlula kwePratt ziziqwenga ezintle zobunjineli ezingena kwifayile enye kodwa zinokuphatha iigrama ezintsonkothileyo ngokumangalisayo. Abahlalutyi bokwehla okuphinda-phindayo, ngokukodwa, bafundeka phantse njengokucaciswa kolwimi ngokwalo — umsebenzi ngamnye uhambelana nomgaqo wegrama, ukwenza ikhowudi iyazibhala ngendlela enqabileyo kuphuhliso lwesoftware.

Izifundo zokwahlulahlula zidlulela ngaphaya koyilo lolwimi. Nayiphi na inkqubo eyenza igalelo elicwangcisiweyo - ifom yokubhuka kunye nemihla ngemihla, ukulungiswa komvuzo kunye nemithetho enemiqathango, umbhobho weCRM kunye nengqiqo ye-branching - isombulula ingxaki yokwahlula. Abasebenzisi abayi-138,000+ kwiqonga leMewayz bavelisa idatha entsonkothileyo, ecwangcisiweyo yonke imihla. Ukuqonda indlela abacaluli abajika ngayo igalelo elintsonkothileyo libe kwisakhiwo esingaqondakaliyo ngumahluko phakathi kokwakha inkqubo ephatha iimeko zomphetho ngobubele kunye neyophula umzuzwana umntu afake umhla ngefomathi engalindelekanga.

Itoliki: Apho IKhowudi Ifika Iphila

Itoliki kulapho umlingo wenzeka khona. Ihamba nge-AST, i-node nge-node, kwayeyenzayo. Inombolo yenombolo ibuyisela ixabiso layo. Indawo yokusebenza yokubini ivavanya abantwana bayo abasekhohlo nabasekunene kwaye ibadibanise. Umnxeba osebenzayo ujonga umsebenzi kwindawo, ubophelela iingxoxo, kwaye uvavanya umzimba. Kulwimi lokudlala, itoliki iyonke inokuba yimigca engama-200-300 — incinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingabamba entloko, kodwa inamandla ngokwaneleyo okuqhuba iinkqubo zokwenyani.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezibanzi zokwenziwa: iitoliki ezihamba emthini kunye noomatshini benyani be-bytecode. Abahambi ngemithi balula kodwa bayacotha; banqumla iAST ngokuthe ngqo. Ii-Bytecode VMs ziqokelela i-AST kulandelelwano lwemiyalelo elula (efana nolwimi lwendibano encinci) kwaye iphumeze ezo endaweni yoko, ukurhweba ukuphunyezwa kobunzima bokusebenza okungcono kakhulu. I-CPython, ukuphunyezwa kwePython esemgangathweni, isebenzisa i-bytecode VM. IsiLua, lolona lwimi luzinzisekayo lusebenza kakuhle, nguvulindlela olusekwe kwirejista yoyilo lweVM oluphembelele iinjini zomdlalo kwihlabathi jikelele.

Key insight: Ezona zixhobo zoshishino zinamandla ayizizo zineempawu ezininzi — zizona “zinolwimi” lwangaphakathi olungcono lokuchaza eyona nto ifunwa ngabasebenzisi. Yonke i-injini yomgaqo, inkqubo yefomula, kunye nomakhi ozenzekelayo yitoliki encinci efihliweyo. Umgangatho waloo toliki umisela ukuba isixhobo silinganisa ukusuka kubasebenzisi abali-10 ukuya kwi-100,000.

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Indalo kunye noMda: Uyilo olufihlakeleyo lweLizwe

Enye yeengqikelelo ezikhohlisayo ekuphunyezweni kolwimi - kwaye enye yezona zinto zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwisoftware yeshishini - yindlela iilwimi ezilawula ngayo ilizwe ngokusingqongileyo kunye nobubanzi. Xa ubhala isabelo esiguquguqukayo ngaphakathi komsebenzi, oko kuguquguquka akufuneki kuphume kwaye kubhale ngaphezulu into kumda wehlabathi. Oku kuvakala kucacile, kodwa ukuyiphumeza ngokuchanekileyo kufuna ulwakhiwo lwedatha olubizwa ngokuba itsheyini lokusingqongileyo: uluhlu oludityanisiweyo lweemephu zehashi apho inqanaba ngalinye limele umda, kwaye ukujongwa okuguquguqukayo kunyusa ikhonkco de bafumane umdlalo.

Le pateni ibonisa kuyo yonke indawo kwisoftware eyilwe kakuhle. Iimvume zomsebenzisi kwiqonga leshishini zisebenza ngendlela efanayo - ukufikelela kwelungu leqela kumiselwa ngokujonga iimvume zabo zomntu ngamnye kuqala, emva koko iimvume zendima yabo, emva koko ukungagqibeki kombutho. Inkqubo yemodyuli kaMewayz, edibanisa yonke into ukusuka kumaphepha ekhonkco-in-bio ukuya kulungiso olupheleleyo lomvuzo, isebenzisa ubumbeko olucwangcisiweyo olubonisa lo mgaqo ngqo. Umnini weshishini useta umbutho ngokubanzi ukungagqibeki, abaphathi besebe banokulubhaqa useto oluthile, kwaye abasebenzisi ngabanye banokwenza indawo yabo yokusebenza ngokwezifiso - konke ngaphandle kongquzulwano.

Ukufumana okungalunganga kulwimi lwenkqubo kubangela iziphene. Ukufumana indawo engalunganga kwiqonga leshishini kubangela ukuvuza kwedatha, ukunyuka kwemvume, kunye nohlobo lwesiphithiphithi sokusebenza esixabisa imali yokwenyani. Izifundo ziyafana kuwo onke amanqanaba okuthatha.

Yintoni Ekufundisayo Ukwakha Ulwimi Oluncinci

Ukuba awuzange wakhe ulwimi oluncinci lwenkqubo, nantsi into efundiswa ngamava ngokuthe ngqo - kwaye kutheni kubalulekile ukuba ungumphuhlisi, umseki wezobugcisa, okanye umntu ofuna ukuqonda izixhobo abazisebenzisayo yonke imihla:

• Ukuchaneka kwengcinga: Awunakungacacanga xa uchaza igrama. Yonke into engaqondakaliyo kwiinkcukacha zolwimi lwakho iba yimpazamo kwisicazululi sakho. Olu qeqesho lutshintshela ngokuthe ngqo ekubhaleni iinkcukacha ezingcono, amaxwebhu acacileyo, kunye neemfuno ezichanekileyo.
• Uvelwano kubasebenzisi: Xa uyila ulwimi, uyila ujongano lwengcinga yomntu. Ufunda ukubuza: "Uthini umsebenzisiuthethangale nto?" - umbuzo omele uqhube zonke izigqibo zemveliso.
• I-Performance intuition: Ufunda ukuba kutheni eminye imisebenzi ikhawuleza kwaye eminye icotha, hayi ngokufunda i-benchmarks kodwa ngokubona ngokuthe ngqo ukuba mangaphi amanyathelo athathwa yitoliki. Oku kukwenza ube ngcono ekuyileni iisistim ezinomlinganiselo.
• Debugging master: Xa ulwimi lwakho luvelisa iziphumo ezingalunganga, awunandawo yokufihla. Akukho sikhokelo sokusola, akukho ngquzulwano kuguqulelo lwethala leencwadi. Yingqiqo yakho, izakhiwo zakho zedatha, i-algorithm yakho. Oku kwakha uhlobo lwesakhono esinzulu sokulungisa iimpazamo esahlula iinjineli ezilungileyo kwezinkulu.
• Ukuxabisa ukuthabatha: Uyasiqonda isizathu sokuba iilwimi ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu zenze ukhetho abalwenzileyo - kutheni iJavaScript ivaliwe, kutheni iPython ikhethe i-whitespace ebalulekileyo, kutheni i-Rust's checker yokuboleka ikhona. Ezi ayizozigqibo ezithandabuzekayo; zizizisombululo kwiingxaki zokwenyani oya kudibana nazo kolwakho umiliselo.

Ukusuka kwiilwimi zokudlala ukuya kwi-Real-World Automation

Umsantsa phakathi kolwimi lokudlala kunye nenjini ye-automation yemveliso incinci kunokuba abantu abaninzi becinga. Ulwimi lwetemplate lukaShopify oluLiquid luqale njengendlela elula, ekhuselekileyo yetemplate kwaye ngoku inika amandla izigidi zangaphambili zevenkile. I-GitHub Actions' isintaksi sokuhamba komsebenzi yi-domain-specific language language eyakhelwe kwi-YAML. Ulwimi lombuzo weStripe's Sigma luvumela amaqela emali ukuba abuze idatha yentlawulo ngaphandle kokubhala iSQL. Ngamnye kwezi waqala ngomntu obuzayo: "Loluphi olona lwimi luncinci, lulula kakhulu olusombulula le ngxaki?"

Le yifilosofi efanayo emva kwamaqonga ajolise ekuhlanganiseni imisebenzi yoshishino ibe yi-ecosystem enye. Xa i-Mewayz isebenzela i-freelancer efuna i-link-in-bio page kwayeinkampani ephakathi eqhuba ukuhlawula abasebenzi abangama-50 kwiimodyuli zayo ze-207, umngeni osisiseko ufana nojongene nomyili weelwimi zonke: uyenza njani inkqubo elula ngokwaneleyo kubaqalayo kodwa inamandla ngokwaneleyo kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa ezinzima? Impendulo, njengoko nawuphi na umphumezi wolwimi uya kukuxelela, ilele ekufumaneni ezokuqala zilungile - ezincinci, iibhloko zokwakha ezilungelelanisiweyo ezinokuthi abasebenzisi bazidibanise ngeendlela umyili angazange azilindele.

Ngexesha elizayo xa uqwalasela umthetho wokuzisebenzela, ukwakha ideshbhodi yesiko, okanye usete uqukuqelo olunemiqathango kuso nasiphi na isixhobo soshishino, khumbula: ubhala inkqubo kwi-lil' fun lang. Umntu othile uyila isibindi solo lwimi - isichazi salo, isicazululi, kunye netoliki - ukwenza injongo yakho iphunyezwe. Kwaye umgangatho womsebenzi wabo ngamandla angabonakaliyo amisela ukuba amava akho avakalelwa njengomlingo okanye usizi. Ukuqonda ezo sibindi, nokuba kumgangatho ongaphezulu, kukunika amandla amakhulu: ukukwazi ukubona umatshini ngaphantsi kojongano, ukuqikelela ukuba uza kwaphuka phi, kwaye uwutyhalele phambili kunokuba abayili bawo bebecinga.