Asinda njani amaMaya?

Ukwahlukana kwabo kwezolimo kwakumangalisa. AmaMaya ayelima umbona, iimbotyi, umngqusho, ikhokao, ipepile kunye namakhulukhulu ezinye iintlobo zezityalo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kubekho inkqubo yokutya apho ukusilela kwesinye isityalo kwakungafane kubangele indlala eyingozi. Oku kungafuneki - iinkqubo zokwakha apho kungekho ndawo yokusilela inokuwisa yonke into - ngumgaqo ofanayo onika amandla imibutho yanamhlanje eyomelela. AmaMaya aqonda ukuba ukusinda akuthethi ukufumana isisombululo esipheleleyo; imalunga nokwakha izisombululo ezithelelanayo ezaneleyo ezisoloko zisebenza into ethile.

"AmaMaya awazange aphile naphezu kobunzima - basinda ngenxa yayo. Iinkqubo ezinqamlekileyo, izibonelelo ezisasazwayo, kunye nolwazi oluguquguqukayo lwalungekho ubuncwane; yayiyi-architecture yokunyamezela. "

Ngaba uLawulo lweNdawo luKhusele njani uMbutho wamaMaya?

Enye yezona zinto zingaqondwa kakuhle kwimpucuko yamaMaya sisakhiwo sezopolitiko. Kunokuba kubekho ubukhosi obunye obulawulayo kwikomkhulu elinye, ilizwe lamaMaya laliquka izixeko ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo nezisebenzisanayo—iTikal, iPalenque, iCopán, iChichén Itzá—ngalinye linomlawuli walo, uqoqosho, kunye nenkcubeko yalo. Oku kusasazwa kwamagunya ibingebubo ubuthathaka; ibingamandla anzulu.

Xa esinye isixeko-selizwe sijongene nembalela, izifo, okanye ukoyiswa komkhosi, abanye baqhubeka. Uthungelwano lwasinda naxa iindawo zokuhlala zisilele. Iindlela zorhwebo, iinkqubo zokubhala ekwabelwana ngazo, nemigaqo yonqulo zazigcina ezi zixeko zizimele zinxibelelene ngaphandle kokuzenza zixhomekeke omnye komnye. Oku kubonakalisa indlela amashishini anamhlanje ahlala ixesha elide asebenza ngayo - kungekhona njengezakhiwo ze-monolithic apho ukungaphumeleli kwesebe elinye kwehla kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa njengeenkqubo zemodyuli apho iyunithi nganye inokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngelixa inegalelo elikhulu.

Yeyiphi indima edlalwe lulwazi kunye nenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi kuNyamezelo lweMaya?

AmaMaya ayenesinye sezona zithethe zehlabathi zamandulo zobungqondi. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zazo zazilandelela iintshukumo zeVenus, Mars, neNyanga ngokuchaneka okungaqhelekanga, zisebenzisa le datha ukumisela elona xesha lonyaka lokutyala, ukuqikelela izikhukula, nokulungelelanisa imibhiyozo yonqulo egcina umanyano loluntu. Ulwazi, kumaMaya, lwalungeyonto ingaqhelekanga — lwalusebenza.

Izixokelelwano zabo zekhalenda, kuqukwa neHaab' yeentsuku ezingama-365 kunye ne-Tzolk'in yeentsuku ezingama-260, zavumela uluntu ukuba lungqamanise ubomi bezolimo kunye nobomi boluntu kumgama omde wejografi ngaphandle konxibelelwano ngexesha lokwenyani. Bakha amaziko olwazi adlula abalawuli ngabanye, izixeko ezahlukahlukeneyo, kunye nezizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Isifundo sinzulu: impucuko - kunye namashishini - atyala imali ekucwangciseni ulwazi lwawo aphila ixesha elide kunalawo ashiya ubuchule buvalelwe phakathi kwabantu abambalwa ababalulekileyo.

• Ukugcinwa kweerekhodi ze-Astronomical: Iinkulungwane zokuphononongwa okuthe ngqo kwesibhakabhaka kwenze ukuba uqikelelo oluthembekileyo lwamaxesha onyaka lubaluleke kakhulu kucwangciso lwezolimo.
• Iinkqubo zokubhala ezihlanganisiweyo: I-Hieroglyphic script igcine imithetho, iimbali, kunye nolwazi lobugcisa kwizizukulwana nakwizixeko-dolophu.
• Utshintsho lweMathematika: AmaMaya aphuhlise ngokuzimeleyo ingqikelelo ye-zero, evumela ukubala okuphambili kurhwebo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha.
• Izithethe ezithethwa ngomlomo kunye nezithethe: Izithethe zifakela ulwazi olusebenzayo lwendalo kwinkumbulo yenkcubeko, luqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwalo naxa iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo zilahlekile.
• Uthungelwano lwezorhwebo lomgama omde: I-Obsidian, i-jade, i-cocoo, kunye neempahla ezilukiweyo zihamba ngeendlela ezisele zimisiwe, zisasaza izibonelelo kunye nokwakha ukunxibelelana phakathi kwezixeko.

Njani iNkcubeko yamaMaya yaziqhelanisa ngaphandle kokuphulukana nesazisi sayo?

Xa abathimba baseSpeyin bafika ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu, abazange badibane nabantu abangasekhoyo kodwa badibana nempucuko ephilayo nentsonkothileyo enezigidi zabemi. Ixesha lobukoloniyali lazisa ilahleko etshabalalisayo - izifo, ukunyanzelwa komsebenzi, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngabom kwee-codices-kodwa amaMaya aphinda ahlengahlengiswa kwakhona. Badibanisa izityalo ezitsha, bamkela iinkalo zobuKristu kwiziseko zomoya ezikhoyo, baza balondoloza iilwimi zabo kunye nezithethe zabo kwizizukulwana zoxinzelelo.

Namhlanje, malunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe amaMaya ahlala kulo lonke elaseMexico, eGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Abaninzi bayaqhubeka bethetha iilwimi zamaMaya, baziqhelanisa nezolimo zemveli, kwaye bagcine izithethe zezithethe ezibuyela ngqo kwihlabathi langaphambi kweColumbian. Ukuziqhelanisa, umboniso wamaMaya, akuthethi ukulahla ubuni. Kuthetha ukukhusela oko kubalulekile ngelixa uvelisa yonke enye into. Imibutho yanamhlanje ijongene nocelomngeni olufanayo: ukala njani, ujikeleza, kwaye wenze into yangoku ngaphandle kokuphulukana nemilinganiselo ephambili kunye nenkcubeko ekwenze wafaneleka ukunyuswa kwasekuqaleni?

Yintoni enokufundwa ngamashishini angoku kwiMaya Resilience?

Ibali lokusinda kweMaya ekugqibeleni lolona didi lomeleleyo ekusebenzeni - kwaye libonisa imephu ecacileyo ukuba yeyiphi na amaqonga oshishino anamhlanje akhelwe ukunikezela. Iinkqubo ezingafunekiyo, igunya elisasaziweyo, ukugcinwa kolwazi, ukuguquguquka, kunye nokucinga kwexesha elide ayizozinto zakudala. Yimigaqo esisiseko yemibutho eyakhelwe ukuhlala.

I-Mewayz, inkqubo yokusebenza yeshishini elinemodyuli ezingama-207 ethenjwe ngabasebenzisi abangaphezu kwe-138,000, isebenzisa kanye le migaqo kwimisebenzi yeshishini yanamhlanje. Ukusuka kwi-CRM kunye nolawulo lweprojekthi ukuya kuhlalutyo, izixhobo zomxholo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweqela, i-Mewayz ibonelela ngesiseko, isiseko esihlanganisiweyo esivumela amashishini asebenze ngokuzinza kwinqanaba le-Maya - apho kungekho nqanaba elilodwa lokungaphumeleli lizisa yonke into phantsi, kwaye apho yonke ingqimba yokusebenza iqinisa ezinye.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Ngaba impucuko yamaMaya yawa ngokwenene?

Hayi - ingcamango yeMaya epheleleyo "yokuwa" ubukhulu becala yintsomi. Ngelixa uninzi lwezixeko ezikhulu ezisemazantsi zashiywa phakathi kwe-800 kunye ne-1000 CE, izixeko ezisemantla njengeChichén Itzá kunye ne-Uxmal zaqhubeka zichuma. Impucuko yamaMaya ayizange iphele; yahlengahlengisa. Izigidi zabantu bamaMaya zisaphila namhlanje, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibe yenye yezona mpucuko zahlala ixesha elide kwimbali yoluntu.

Yintoni eyabangela ukuwohloka kwezixeko ezithile zamaMaya?

Abaphandi balatha kwindibaniselwano yembalela yexesha elide, ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko lwangaphakathi, ukuxinana kwabemi ngokunxulumene namandla ezolimo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kweendlela zorhwebo. Akukho sizathu sinye esichaza ukwehla kwesixeko ngasinye, nto leyo ngokwayo ebonisa ingozi yokuxhomekeka ngokugqithisileyo kuso nasiphi na isibonelelo esinye, ubudlelwane, okanye inkqubo - isifundo esisebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwiqhinga langoku loshishino.

Bangaphi amaMaya akhoyo namhlanje?

Malunga nezigidi ezisixhenxe inzala yamaMaya ihlala namhlanje kumazantsi eMexico nakuMbindi Merika. Uninzi luthetha olunye lweelwimi ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezahlukileyo zesiMaya ezisasetyenziswayo. Inkcubeko, iilwimi, kunye nezithethe zezolimo zamaMaya amandulo zihlala ziphila - kungekhona izinto zakudala zemyuziyam - okwenza amaMaya abe yenye yezona mpucuko zihlala zihlala kwihlabathi.

Ukwakha ishishini elenzelwe ukunyamezela kufuna imigaqo efanayo egcina amaMaya: iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo, amandla asasazwayo, ulwazi olugciniweyo, kunye nokuguquguquka okungapheliyo. Qala uhambo lwakho nge-Mewayz namhlanje — i-OS yeshishini lonke elinemodyuli ezingama-207, eyakhelwe imibutho ezimisele ukomelela kwexesha elide kunye nokukhula, ukuqala kwi-$19/ngenyanga kuphela.