Imbali emfutshane yeXenopus

I-Xenopus, isele lase-Afrika elineziphoso, limile ngaphezu kwenkulungwane yokufunyanwa kwebhayoloji - ukusuka kwiimvavanyo zamandulo zokukhulelwa ngeminyaka yoo-1930 ukuya kuma-Cloning aphumelele iBhaso leNobel achaza ngokutsha into eyayicinga ukuba inokwenzeka kwisayensi. Ukuqonda i-arc ye-Xenopus yophando ityhila indlela isidalwa samanzi esithobekileyo esiye saba sesona sixhobo sinamandla kwi-biology yanamhlanje.

Yintoni Kanye Kanye I-Xenopus kwaye Kutheni Izazinzulu Ziyikhethile?

I-Xenopus laevis lisele elingenalwimi, lasemanzini elizalelwa kumazantsi e-Sahara e-Afrika. Igama layo, lisuka kwisiGrike, lithetha "unyawo olungaqhelekanga" - ukunqwala kwiinzwane ezintathu ezineziphoso kumalungu angasemva. Izazinzulu ziye zatsaleleka kwiXenopus ngenxa yezizathu ezibambekayo: iimazi zinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziphathwe lula, ziphila kakuhle kwiimeko zaselabhoratri, kwaye amaqanda azo makhulu xa kuthelekiswa nalawo ezilwanyana ezininzi ezinethambo lomqolo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iiseli zilawuleke ngokuthe ngqo phantsi kwemakroskopu.

Ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana ezininzi zophando, i-Xenopus inokuhendwa ukuba ikhuphe i-ovulation ngokufunwa ngokutofwa kwehomoni, ukuzisa amakhulu amaqanda ngexesha. Oku kuthembeka kwenza ukuba ingabinakuthathelwa indawo kwiilebhu ze-embryology kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye yamisela inqanaba lelifa lophando elisabumba inzululwazi nanamhlanje - kufana nendlela iqonga leshishini eliyilwe kakuhle lenza isiseko esithembekileyo esenza wonke umsebenzi osezantsi ube lula.

I-Xenopus Yangena Njani Ekukhanyeni KwezeNzululwazi Kuqala?

Ibali liqala ngeminyaka yoo-1930 ngoGqirha weEndocrinologist waseMzantsi Afrika ogama linguLancelot Hogben. UHogben wafumanisa ukuba ukutofa umchamo womfazi kwimazi yesele iXenopus kuya kubangela ukuba isele libeke amaqanda kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa - ukuba owasetyhini ukhulelwe. I-chorionic gonadotropin yomntu (hCG), ihomoni eveliswa ngexesha lokukhulelwa, yabangela impendulo. "Uvavanyo lukaHogben" lwaba luvavanyo lokuqala oluthembekileyo lokukhulelwa kwaye lwasetyenziswa kwihlabathi jikelele de kwathathwa iikhemikhali endaweni yalo ngeminyaka yoo-1960.

Esi sicelo sakwangoko senze ngaphezulu kokuxilongwa kokukhulelwa. Yaseka iXenopus njengesidalwa esisabela ngokukodwa kwiihomoni zabantu kunye neeproteni, inika ingcebiso kuncedo olubanzi abaphandi banokuchitha amashumi eminyaka beyivula.

Yayiyintoni iLanga elibalulekileyo elitshintshe yonke into?

Elona xesha libalulekileyo kwimbali yeXenopus lafika ngo-1962, xa ingcali yebhayoloji yophuhliso yaseBritane uJohn Gurdon wenza umfuniselo owathi abezenzululwazi bawakhaba ngawo omane ukuba awunakwenzeka. I-Gurdon isuse i-nucleus kwiqanda le-Xenopus kwaye ithathe indawo ye-nucleus yeseli yamathumbu ekhulile. Iqanda lakhula laba yinoveli eqhelekileyo, esempilweni.

"Ingqiqo ephambili evela kumsebenzi we-Gurdon's Xenopus yayikukuba ukuhlukana akunakuguqulwa - ukuba inkqubo epheleleyo yemfuza yezinto eziphilayo ihlala ifakwe kwi-encoded kwiseli nganye, ilindele ukuvulwa. Olu qwalaselo olulodwa lwabeka isiseko sengqiqo kuyo yonke i-cloning yanamhlanje kunye nophando lwe-stem cell. "

Ufakelo lwenyukliya lukaGurdon lubonise ukuba iiseli zabantu abadala zigcina imiyalelo epheleleyo yemfuzo efunekayo ukwakha into ephilayo yonke. Ihlabathi lezenzululwazi aliyi kuxabisa ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka kuze kube yi-2012, xa uGurdon wabelana ngeNobel Prize kwiPhysiology okanye iMedicine kunye noShinya Yamanaka. Iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yahlula umfuniselo kulwazi lwayo lweNobel - isikhumbuzo sokuba umsebenzi wenguqu uhlala usebenza kwixesha elide.

Zintoni ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo kwiMbali yoPhando lweXenopus?

Igalelo le-Xenopus kwisayensi lithathela kwiinkalo ezininzi kunye namashumi eminyaka. Ngezantsi ngawona manqaku abalulekileyo ojiko:

• 1930s — The Hogben Pregnancy Test: Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala okusebenzayo kweXenopus kumayeza omntu, ukumisela ubuntununtunu besele kuphawu lwehomoni.
• 1962 — I-Gurdon's Nuclear Transplantation: Ibonise ukuba i-somatic cell nuclei inokuqondisa uphuhliso olupheleleyo, ukuguqula iingcamango malunga nokuhlukana kwamaselula.
• 1971 — i-mRNA Expression System: I-Xenopus oocytes yafunyaniswa ukuba iguqulele ngokufanelekileyo i-mRNA efakwe kwiiprotheni ezisebenzayo, ukudala isixhobo esinamandla sokufunda iimveliso zejini.
• 1990s — Ion Channel Research: Inkqubo yokubonakalisa i-oocyte yaba ngumgangatho wegolide wokubonakalisa iiprotheni ze-membrane, iziteshi ze-ion, kunye ne-receptors - ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukufunyanwa kweziyobisi.
• 2002 — Intshayelelo ye-Xenopus tropicalis: Lo mzala we-diploid we-tetraploid X. laevis wamkelwa uphando lwe-genomic kuba i-genome yayo elula kulula ukulandelelana nokuyilawula.
• 2016 — Ulandelelwano lweGenome epheleleyo ye-X. laevis: Ukupapashwa kwe-X. laevis genome epheleleyo kwiNdalo kunikeze imephu ebanzi yophuhliso lwemfuzo kunye ne-evolutionary biology.

Lume phi uphando lweXenopus kweliXesha langoku?

Namhlanje, i-Xenopus ihleli kumda wemimandla emininzi yophando. Kwibhayoloji yophuhliso, iyaqhubeka nokukhanyisa indlela i-axes yomzimba esekwe ngayo, indlela amalungu enzakala ngayo, kunye nendlela uthungelwano lolawulo lwemfuza lulungelelanisa ukuntsonkotha okumangalisayo kwe-embryogenesis. Kwi-pharmacology, inkqubo ye-oocyte expression isetyenziswa rhoqo ukujonga abaviwa bonyango abajolise kwiiproteni ze-membrane ezibandakanyeka kwiimeko ukusuka kwisifo sokuxhuzula ukuya kwi-cardiac arrhythmia.

Ubhubhani we-COVID-19 ukwagxininise ukubaluleka kwesele: I-Xenopus oocyte yasetyenziswa ukubonisa i-ACE2 receptor kunye nokuphanda ukuba i-SARS-CoV-2 ingena njani kwiiseli zomntu. Isidalwa esifunyenwe kwimigxobhozo engezantsi kwe-Sahara siye saba negalelo elizolileyo kwinzululwazi yobhubhane - ebonisa indlela isiseko sophando lweziseko zophuhliso, esakhiwe ngomonde kumashumi eminyaka, sinikezela ngexabiso ngamaxesha angalindelekanga obunzima.

Kubaphandi abalawula iiprojekthi ezintsonkothileyo, ezinamanyathelo amaninzi kumaqela amakhulu, umceli mngeni wombutho ubonisa into ejongene nayo naliphi na ishishini elikhulayo. Amaqonga afana Mewayz — aneemodyuli ezidityanisiweyo ezingama-207 ezikhonza ngaphezulu kwabasebenzisi abayi-138,000 — zibonisa ifilosofi efanayo ebethelelwe kuphando lweXenopus: yakha inkqubo ethembekileyo, esebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kube kanye, kwaye ivumele ukufunyaniswa koluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwiminyaka ezayo.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Kutheni iXenopus isasetyenziswa xa kukho imodeli emitsha efana nezebrafish?

I-Xenopus kunye ne-zebrafish ziyahambelana, azikhuphisani, izixhobo. Amaqanda e-Xenopus kunye neembumba makhulu ngokuphawulekayo, okwenza ukuba i-microinjection kunye noqhaqho loqhaqho lula. Inkqubo yokubonakalisa i-oocyte yeeprotheni ze-membrane ayinanto ilingana kwi-zebrafish. Ngelixa i-zebrafish ibonelela ngemfuza ekwazi ukuhambahamba nokubonakala elubala kwimifanekiso ephilayo, iXenopus ihlala iphezulu kwizifundo zebhayoloji, ukubonakaliswa kweprotein enkulu, kunye nemifuniselo yakudala ye-embryological.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kweXenopus laevis kunye neXenopus tropicalis?

X. I-laevis yi-allotetraploid - ithwala iikopi ezine zechromosome nganye, isiphumo seziganeko zamandulo zokuphindaphinda i-genome. Oku kuntsonkotha kwemfuzo kwenza kube nzima ukuguqulwa kwemfuzo ekujoliswe kuyo. I-X. i-tropicalis yi-diploid, ineekopi ezimbini zekhromozomi ngesibini ngasinye, iyenza ilunge ngakumbi kuhlelo lofuzo olusekwe kwi-CRISPR kunye nokudlulisa izikrini zofuzo. Iilebhu zangoku zihlala zisebenzisa i-X. tropicalis yemfuzo kunye ne-X. laevis yebhayoloji yeseli kunye nomsebenzi wokubonisa iproteni.

I-Xenopus yaba negalelo njani kuphuhliso lweyeza elisekelwe kwi-mRNA?

I-Xenopus oocytes yayiphakathi kweenkqubo zokuqala ezisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba i-mRNA yokwenziwa ingaguqulelwa kwiiprotheni ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kweseli ephilayo. Abaphandi basebenzise le nkqubo kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1970 kunye no-1980 ukubonisa iimfuno zoguqulelo olusebenzayo lwe-mRNA, bebeka isiseko sobuchwephesha esazisa uyilo lonyango lwe-mRNA kunye nogonyo oluphuhliswe kumashumi eminyaka kamva. Inkqubo ye-oocyte ikwancede ekuqinisekiseni iindlela zonikezelo kunye nokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwekhodon kusetyenziso lonyango.

Imbali yeXenopus bubungqina bento enokufikelela kwisigulana, inzululwazi eqhutywa kukufuna ukwazi - isidalwa esinye esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi esivula ulwazi malunga ne-embryology, imfuzo, i-pharmacology, kunye neyeza malunga nenkulungwane. Ukuba wakha into ngebhongo elifanayo lexesha elide kwishishini lakho, Mewayz ibonelela ngeqonga elidityanisiweyo lokuyixhasa — iimodyuli ezingama-207, eziqala kwi-$19/ngenyanga, eyilelwe ukukhula ecaleni kweenjongo zakho. Qalisa isilingo sakho sasimahla kwi-app.mewayz.com namhlanje.