Mbiri ya Graphical User Interface: Kukwera (ndi Kugwa?) Kwa WIMP Design

Kuchokera ku Xerox PARC kupita Pakompyuta Yanu: Chiyambi cha WIMP

Nkhaniyi siyambira ku Cupertino koma ku Palo Alto, mkati mwa malo ofufuza a Xerox PARC odziwika bwino. Mu 1973, Xerox Alto idakhala kompyuta yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito fanizo la pakompyuta - lodzaza ndi mazenera ophatikizika, cholozera choyendetsedwa ndi mbewa, ndi zithunzi zoyimira mafayilo. Ofufuzawo, kuphatikiza Alan Kay ndi Larry Tesler, adakoka kwambiri pa Doug Engelbart wa 1968 "Mother of All Demos," komwe adayambitsa mbewa, hypertext, ndi mgwirizano wanthawi yeniyeni kwa omvera odabwa pa Fall Joint Computer Conference ku San Francisco.

Xerox adagulitsa lingaliroli ndi Star 8010 mu 1981, ndikuyika mtengo wake pa $16,595 pagawo lililonse - pafupifupi $55,000 pamadola amakono. Idachita malonda, ndikugulitsa pafupifupi mayunitsi 25,000 okha. Koma Steve Jobs atapita ku PARC mu 1979 ndikuwona Alto ikugwira ntchito, njira yamakompyuta yamunthu idasinthiratu. Apple's Lisa (1983) ndiyeno Macintosh (1984) adabweretsa WIMP pamtengo wogula. Microsoft inatsatira Windows 1.0 mu 1985, ndipo pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, paradigm inali yosathawika. Windows 3.1 idagulitsa makope opitilira 10 miliyoni m'miyezi iwiri yoyamba yokha.

Chomwe chinapangitsa WIMP kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri sichinali chaukadaulo - chinalikuzindikira bwino. Ma desktops amawoneka ngati ma desktops. Mafoda ankawoneka ngati zikwatu. Zinyalala zinkawoneka ngati zinyalala. Fanizoli linachepetsa njira yophunzirira kuchokera pa milungu yoloweza pamtima mpaka maola ofufuza. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, anthu wamba ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta popanda kuwerenga mabuku.

The Golden Age: Chifukwa Chake WIMP Inalamulira Zaka 40

Kutalika kwa WIMP sikunangochitika mwangozi. Paradigm idachita bwino chifukwa idathetsa vuto lalikulu: mumapatsa bwanji ogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zovuta popanda kuwalemetsa? Menyu ikonza malamulo motsatana. Mawindo amalola kuchita zinthu zambiri kudzera m'malo olekanitsa. Mafano amatipatsa chithunzi chachifupi. Ndipo cholozeracho chimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakusintha mwachindunji - kumva kuti mukusuntha zinthu, osati kupereka malangizo.

Kuphatikizika uku kwakhala kosinthika modabwitsa. Pamene intaneti idafika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1990, asakatuli adangokhala zenera lina. Mafoni a m'manja atatuluka, paradigm yoponderezedwa - mazenera adakhala mapulogalamu azithunzi zonse, mindandanda yazakudya idakhala zithunzi za hamburger, ndipo cholozera chidakhala chala chanu. Ngakhale lero, ngati mutsegula nsanja yaikulu ya SaaS, mudzapeza mafupa omwewo: mndandanda wazitsulo zam'mbali, mayendedwe oyendetsedwa ndi zithunzi, kuyankhulana kwa pointer-based, ndi zomwe zimaperekedwa muzitsulo zonga zenera.

"Mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri ndi omwe amatha - kumene ogwiritsa ntchito amaganiza za zolinga zawo, osati chida. WIMP inakwaniritsa zimenezo kwa mbadwo, koma fanizo lililonse potsirizira pake limagwirizana ndi zovuta zomwe zinapangidwira kubisala. "

Kusokoneza Maziko: Kumene WIMP Imaphwanyika

Pa kukongola kwake konse, WIMP ili ndi zolembedwa zolephereka bwino - ndipo zikuipiraipira pomwe mapulogalamu akukula ovuta. Mng'alu woyamba ndimenu overload. Microsoft Word 2003 inali ndi mindandanda yazakudya zambiri kotero kuti kampaniyo idasinthanso mawonekedwe onse kukhala Ribbon ya Office 2007, kuvomereza kuti mindandanda yazambiri sinathe kukula. Zogulitsa za Adobe Creative Suite nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi menyu 200+. Ogwiritsa ntchito amapanga "khungu la menyu," kunyalanyaza zosankha zambiri ndikudalira malamulo omwewo 10-15 kudzera munjira yachidule ya kiyibodi - kubwereranso kumayendedwe amzere okulungidwa mu chipolopolo chazithunzi.

Kung'amba kwachiwiri ndikutopa kwawindo lazenera. Ogwira ntchito zachidziwitso masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi 13 ntchito zosiyanasiyana patsiku, malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera ku Qatalog ndi Cornell University. Mtengo wanzeru wosinthira pakati pa windows, kukumbukira komwe chidziwitso chimakhala, ndikusunga zomwe zili m'malo ogawikana ndi akulu. Kafukufuku akuyerekeza kuti ogwira ntchito amataya maola 9.3 pa sabata poyenda pakati pa zida ndikukhazikitsanso zomwe zikuchitika.

Kusweka kwachitatu komanso kofunikira kwambiri ndikuti WIMP imatengera kuyanjana kwapang'onopang'ono kwamunthu. Chochita chilichonse chimafunikira kudina, kusankha, kutsimikizira. Izi zinali zomveka pamene makompyuta anali zida zomwe zimadikirira malangizo. Sizikupanga nzeru kwambiri munthawi ya AI yokhazikika, makina oyendetsera ntchito, ndi machitidwe omwe akuyenera kukhala akukuchitirani popanda kukufuna kuti muloze ndikudina chilichonse.

Otsutsana ndi Post-WIMP: Chidzatsatira Chiyani?

Mawu oti "post-WIMP" adapangidwa ndi Andries van Dam mu 1997, koma njira zina zakhala zikugwira ntchito posachedwa. Ma paradigms angapo akupikisana kuti awonjezere - kapena kusintha - chitsanzo chazaka makumi anayi:

1. Conversational UI and AI Agents: ChatGPT yafikira ogwiritsa ntchito 100 miliyoni m'miyezi iwiri, kutsimikizira kuti chilankhulo chachilengedwe chikhoza kukhala chogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Othandizira a AI monga omwe akutuluka m'mabizinesi amatha kugwira ntchito zingapo - kupanga ma invoice, kukonza misonkhano, kusanthula deta - kuchokera pamutu umodzi wokha, kudutsa mindandanda yazakudya ndi mazenera kwathunthu.
2. Ambient and Spatial Computing: Apple's Vision Pro ndi Meta's Quest zikuyimira kubetcha kuti makompyuta azikhala mu danga la 3D mozungulira inu, osatsekeredwa mumakona a 2D. Ngakhale kutengera ana kudakali koyambirira (Apple akuti idatumiza pafupifupi mayunitsi 500,000 m'chaka choyamba), lingaliro la malo limaphwanya fanizo la zenera.
3. Gesture and Voice Interfaces: Zothandizira mawu zimayikidwa pazida zopitilira 4.2 biliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. M'magalimoto, mafakitale, ndi kupezeka, mawu oyamba ayamba kale kulowa m'malo mwa WIMP.
4. Automation-First Dashboards: Mapulatifomu amakono amalonda akusintha kuchoka pa "kudina kuti uchite" kupita ku "kusintha kamodzi, kuyang'anira nthawi zonse." M'malo mopita ku gawo la malipiro, kumadula antchito, ndikuyambitsa malipiro pamanja, kachitidwe kameneka kamayendetsa malipiro ake ndipo amangowonjezera zinthu zomwe zimafuna chidwi cha anthu.

Palibe m'modzi mwamaganizidwewa omwe adakwaniritsa universal WIMP panobe. Koma njirayo ndi yomveka bwino: zolumikizira zikuyenda kuchokerakuwongolera pamanja kupita kuchidziwitso cha zolinga. Mumauza dongosolo zomwe mukufuna, ndipo imazindikira momwe.

The Hybrid Present: Momwe Mapulatifomu Amakono Amathandizira Padziko Lonse Lapansi

Zowona zenizeni zamabizinesi ambiri mu 2026 ndikuti WIMP siikufa - ikutsatiridwa. Mapulogalamu ogwira ntchito kwambiri masiku ano amaphatikiza njira zowoneka bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi AI-powered automation, zomwe zimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito chitonthozo cha mfundo-ndi-click pamene akufuna kulamulira mwachindunji ndi mphamvu ya kayendedwe ka ntchito pamene sakufuna.

Iyi ndi njira yomwe nsanja ngati Mewayzakutenga ndi ma modular bizinesi OS. Ndi ma modules 207 oyambira CRM, invoicing, malipiro, HR, kasamalidwe ka zombo, kusungitsa, ndi kusanthula, kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito sikungakhale kosagwiritsidwa ntchito pamawonekedwe achikhalidwe oyendetsedwa ndi menyu. M'malo mwake, Mewayz amakonza ma module kukhala malo ogwirira ntchito omwe mabizinesi amangoyambitsa zomwe amafunikira, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso komwe kumasokoneza mapulogalamu a WIMP. AI automation imagwira ntchito mobwerezabwereza - kutumiza maimelo otsatila, kupanga malipoti, kukonza ma invoice obwerezabwereza - pamene mawonekedwe akuwonekera ndi zidziwitso zotheka kuchitapo kanthu ndi zina zomwe zimafuna kuti munthu aweruze.

Mtundu wosakanizidwa uwu umavomereza chowonadi chomwe oyeretsa mbali zonse amakonda kuphonya: ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna njira zolumikizirana zosiyanasiyana. Kuwunikanso dashboard yazachuma ndikowoneka mwachilengedwe - mukufuna ma chart, manambala, ndi maubale apakati. Koma kuyambitsa kulipidwa kwa antchito 50 sikuyenera kudina ka 15 pamindandanda yazakudya. Makanema amakono abwino kwambiri amakupatsirani mitundu yonse iwiri momasuka, ndipo amaphunzira ntchito zomwe mumakonda kuchita pamanja motsutsana ndi zomwe mungasangalale kuzisintha.

Funso lenileni Sikuti "WIMP Idzafa?" — Ndi “Kodi Chimalowa M’malo Mwa Mafanizo?”

Kuthandizira kwakukulu kwa WIMP sikunali kuphatikiza kwa mawindo, zithunzi, menyu, ndi zolozera. Zinali chifaniziro cha desktop- lingaliro lakuti malo a digito ayenera kuwonetsera malo a thupi kuti achepetse mipiringidzo yophunzirira. Mafayilo amapita mu zikwatu. Zolemba zimakhala pa desktops. Zinthu zochotsedwa zimapita ku zinyalala. Fanizoli linapangitsa makompyuta kuti azifikirika ndi anthu mabiliyoni ambiri omwe anali asanapangepo chilichonse.

Vuto la mapangidwe a pambuyo pa WIMP ndikupeza fanizo lamphamvu chimodzimodzi la ntchito yowonjezereka ya AI. Kodi zikuwoneka bwanji "kupereka" ntchito kwa wothandizira wa AI? Kodi mumawona bwanji mayendedwe odzichitira okha omwe akuyenda chakumbuyo? Dongosolo likapanga chisankho m'malo mwanu, limalankhula bwanji zomwe zidachitika ndipo chifukwa chiyani? Awa ndi zovuta zamapangidwe zomwe makampani akuthanabe munthawi yeniyeni.

Mayankho ena oyambirira akutuluka. Mawonekedwe oyendetsedwa ndi zidziwitso (ganizirani ma tchanelo a Slack kapena ma feed a zochitika) akulowa m'malo mwa mafayilo amafayilo. Mapangidwe a Dashboard-oyamba amaika patsogolo zotsatira kuposa kuyenda. Ndipo zolumikizira zokambitsirana zimapanga chinyengo chogwira ntchitondimnzako wanzeru osatikugwiramakina. Mapulatifomu omwe amawongolera kusinthaku - kusunga kupezeka kwa WIMP pamene akutsegula luso la makina opangira makina - adzatanthauzira nthawi yotsatira ya mapulogalamu opangira mapulogalamu.

Maphunziro kuchokera pa Zaka 40 za Kudina

Mbiri ya mapangidwe a WIMP imapereka phunziro lomveka kwa aliyense amene akumanga kapena kusankha mapulogalamu a bizinesi lero:mawonekedwe ayenera kutumikira zovuta za ntchitoyo, osati mosiyana. Ofufuza a Xerox PARC anamvetsetsa kuti mu 1973. Apple inamvetsa izi mu 1984. Ndipo nsanja zamakono zamakono zikumvetsa tsopano, ndichifukwa chake akupita kupyola mndandanda wamagulu okhwima opita kumalo anzeru, osinthika omwe amakumana ndi ogwiritsa ntchito komwe ali.

Kwa mabizinesi 138,000+ omwe akugwiritsa ntchito kale mapulaneti ngati Mewayz, kusinthika kumeneku ndi kothandiza, osati zongoyerekeza. Pamene nsanja imodzi ikugwirizanitsa CRM, invoicing, HR, analytics, ndi ntchito zina zambiri kukhala malo amodzi ogwirira ntchito, mawonekedweayenera kukhala anzeru kuposa mtengo wamtundu wachikhalidwe. Iyenera kuwonetsa gawo loyenera panthawi yoyenera, kusinthiratu zomwe zingadziwike, ndikukhala kutali ndi china chilichonse.

WIMP siyikugwa - pakadali pano, ndipo mwina osati konse. Koma ikulowetsedwa mu chinthu china chachikulu: filosofi ya mawonekedwe pomwe kudina ndi imodzi mwa njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito, ndipo mochulukira, osati yothandiza kwambiri. Nthawi ina mukadzafika pa mbewa yanu kuti muyang'ane mindandanda itatu yakuzama kuti mumalize ntchito yomwe imayenera kuchitika yokha, kumbukirani - kukangana ndiko kusankha kopanga, osati kulephera. Ndipo nsanja zomwe zidzathetse izi ndizomwe zidzapambane.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Chiyankhulo Chomwe Chidasintha Chilichonse

Chaka cha 1984 chisanafike, makompyuta ankalankhula chinenero chimodzi: mawu. Zilembo zobiriwira za phosphor zimawoneka pazithunzi zakuda pomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adaloweza malamulo a arcane kuti angotengera fayilo. Kenako Apple idatulutsa malonda amodzi a Super Bowl, ndipo m'miyezi ingapo, Macintosh adayambitsa mamiliyoni a anthu ku china chake champhamvu - mutha kuloza zinthu ndikudina. Mawonekedwe azithunzithunzi sanapangidwe chaka chimenecho (mizu yake idayambira m'ma 1960s), koma inali nthawi yomwe mapangidwe a WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, ndi Pointer - idakhala gawo lalikulu la kulumikizana kwa makompyuta a anthu. Zaka makumi anayi komanso ogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta pafupifupi 5 biliyoni pambuyo pake, malingaliro omwewo amalamulirabe momwe ambiri aife timagwirira ntchito. Koma monga othandizira mawu amafunsa mafunso okwana 1 biliyoni pamwezi, pomwe othandizira a AI amangomaliza ntchito zamagulu angapo, komanso momwe computing yapamalo imasunthira ma pixel m'malo owoneka bwino, funso lalikulu likubwera: kodi kapangidwe ka WIMP kwafika pachimake?

Kuchokera ku Xerox PARC kupita Pakompyuta Yanu: Chiyambi cha WIMP

Nkhaniyi siyambira ku Cupertino koma ku Palo Alto, mkati mwa malo ofufuza a Xerox PARC odziwika bwino. Mu 1973, Xerox Alto idakhala kompyuta yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito fanizo la pakompyuta - lodzaza ndi mazenera ophatikizika, cholozera choyendetsedwa ndi mbewa, ndi zithunzi zoyimira mafayilo. Ofufuzawo, kuphatikiza Alan Kay ndi Larry Tesler, adakoka kwambiri pa Doug Engelbart wa 1968 "Mother of All Demos," komwe adayambitsa mbewa, hypertext, ndi mgwirizano wanthawi yeniyeni kwa omvera odabwa pa Fall Joint Computer Conference ku San Francisco.

The Golden Age: Chifukwa Chake WIMP Inalamulira Zaka 40

Kutalika kwa WIMP sikunangochitika mwangozi. Paradigm idachita bwino chifukwa idathetsa vuto lalikulu: mumapatsa bwanji ogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zovuta popanda kuwalemetsa? Menyu ikonza malamulo motsatana. Mawindo amalola kuchita zinthu zambiri kudzera m'malo olekanitsa. Mafano amatipatsa chithunzi chachifupi. Ndipo cholozeracho chimapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chakusintha mwachindunji - kumva kuti mukusuntha zinthu, osati kupereka malangizo.

Kusokoneza Maziko: Kumene WIMP Imaphwanyika

Pa kukongola kwake konse, WIMP ili ndi zolembedwa zolephereka bwino - ndipo zikuipiraipira pomwe mapulogalamu akukula ovuta. Mng'alu woyamba ndi kuchuluka kwa menyu. Microsoft Word 2003 inali ndi mindandanda yazakudya zambiri kotero kuti kampaniyo idasinthanso mawonekedwe onse kukhala Ribbon ya Office 2007, kuvomereza kuti mindandanda yazambiri sinathe kukula. Zogulitsa za Adobe Creative Suite nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi menyu 200+. Ogwiritsa ntchito amapanga "khungu la menyu," kunyalanyaza zosankha zambiri ndikudalira malamulo omwewo 10-15 kudzera munjira yachidule ya kiyibodi - kubwereranso kumayendedwe amzere okulungidwa mu chipolopolo chazithunzi.

Otsutsana ndi Post-WIMP: Chidzatsatira Chiyani?

Mawu oti "post-WIMP" adapangidwa ndi Andries van Dam mu 1997, koma njira zina zakhala zikugwira ntchito posachedwa. Ma paradigms angapo akupikisana kuti awonjezere - kapena kusintha - chitsanzo chazaka makumi anayi: