Mbiri Yachidule ya Xenopus

Xenopus, chule wa ku Africa, wapanga zaka 100 za kutulukira kwachilengedwe - kuchokera ku mayeso oyambilira a mimba m'zaka za m'ma 1930 mpaka kuyesa kopambana Mphotho ya Nobel komwe kunafotokozeranso zomwe asayansi ankaganiza kuti zingatheke. Kumvetsetsa arc ya kafukufuku wa Xenopus kumasonyeza momwe cholengedwa chodzichepetsa cha m'madzi chinakhalira chimodzi mwa zamoyo zamphamvu kwambiri zamoyo zamakono.

Kodi Xenopus Ndi Chiyani Kwenikweni Ndipo Asayansi Anasankha Chiyani?

Xenopus laevis ndi achule opanda lilime, am'madzi omwe amakhala ku sub-Saharan Africa. Dzina lake, lochokera ku Chigriki, limatanthauza "phazi lachilendo" - kugwedeza kwa zala zitatu zokhala ndi zikhadabo pa miyendo yake yakumbuyo. Asayansi anakopeka ndi Xenopus pazifukwa zomveka: zazikazi ndi zazikulu zokwanira kugwiridwa mosavuta, zimapulumuka bwino m’mikhalidwe ya labotale, ndipo mazira awo ndi aakulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi aja a zamoyo zambiri za msana, kupangitsa kusintha kwa ma cell kukhala kolunjika pa maikulosikopu.

Mosiyana ndi nyama zambiri zofufuza, Xenopus imatha kukopeka kuti ipangitse ovulation ikafunidwa kudzera mu jakisoni wa mahomoni, kutulutsa mazira mazana nthawi imodzi. Kudalirika kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti ikhale yosasinthika m'ma laboratories a embryology padziko lonse lapansi ndikukhazikitsa maziko a mbiri yofufuza yomwe ikusinthabe sayansi mpaka pano - monga momwe nsanja yamabizinesi yomangidwa bwino imapangira maziko odalirika omwe amapangitsa kuti ntchito iliyonse yakumunsi ikhale yosavuta.

Kodi Xenopus Analowa Motani Pankhani ya Sayansi?

Nkhaniyi idayamba mu 1930s ndi katswiri wazamisala waku South Africa dzina lake Lancelot Hogben. Hogben anapeza kuti kubaya mkodzo wa mkazi mu chule wamkazi wa Xenopus kungachititse chule kuikira mazira pasanathe maola angapo—ngati mayiyo ali ndi pakati. Chorionic gonadotropin yaumunthu (hCG), timadzi timene timatulutsa panthaŵi ya mimba, ndi imene inayambitsa kuyankha. "Mayeso a Hogben" adakhala mayeso oyamba odalirika oyezetsa mimba ndipo adagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi mpaka kuyeza kwa mankhwala kudalowa m'malo mwake cha m'ma 1960.

Kugwiritsa ntchito koyambiriraku sikunangowonjezera kuzindikira kuti ali ndi pakati. Zinakhazikitsa Xenopus ngati cholengedwa chomwe chimakhudzidwa mwapadera ndi mahomoni ndi mapuloteni aumunthu, zomwe zikuwonetsa zofunikira zomwe ofufuza atha zaka zambiri akutsegula.

Kodi Kuyesa Kwambiri Kumene Kunasintha Chilichonse Ndi Chiyani?

Nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Xenopus idabwera mu 1962, pomwe katswiri wofufuza zachitukuko wa ku Britain John Gurdon adayesa kuyesa komwe asayansi poyambirira adazikana ngati zosatheka. Gurdon adachotsa nyukiliya kuchokera ku dzira la Xenopus ndikulowa m'malo mwake ndi phata la matumbo okhwima. Dziralo linakula n’kukhala ngati tadpole wabwinobwino.

"Chidziwitso chachikulu kuchokera ku ntchito ya Gurdon's Xenopus chinali chakuti kusiyanitsa sikungasinthe - kuti pulogalamu yonse ya majini ya chamoyo imakhalabe encoded mu selo lililonse, kuyembekezera kutsegulidwa.

Kuika zida za nyukiliya kwa Gurdon kunatsimikizira kuti maselo akuluakulu amasunga malangizo onse ofunikira kuti apange chamoyo chonse. Dziko lasayansi silingayamikire mokwanira kufunikira kwake mpaka 2012, pamene Gurdon adagawana nawo Nobel Prize mu Physiology kapena Medicine ndi Shinya Yamanaka. Zaka makumi asanu zidalekanitsa kuyesako ndi kuzindikira kwake kwa Nobel - chikumbutso kuti ntchito yosintha nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali.

Kodi Zochita Zazikulu Zazikulu mu Mbiri Yofufuza ya Xenopus Ndi Chiyani?

Zothandizira za Xenopus ku sayansi zimapitilira maphunziro angapo ndi zaka zambiri. Pansipa pali zosinthika zazikulu:

• 1930s — The Hogben Pregnancy Test: Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa Xenopus muzamankhwala amunthu, kutsimikizira kukhudzika kwa chule ku chizindikiro cha mahomoni.
• 1962 — Kusintha kwa Nuclear kwa Gurdon: Kuwonetsa kuti somatic cell nuclei ikhoza kutsogolera chitukuko chathunthu, kusokoneza malingaliro okhudza kusiyana kwa ma cellular.
• 1971 — mRNA Expression System: Ma Xenopus oocyte adapezeka kuti amamasulira bwino mRNA yobayidwa kukhala mapuloteni ogwira ntchito, kupanga chida champhamvu chophunzirira za majini.
• 1990s — Kafukufuku wa Ion Channel: Dongosolo la mawu a oocyte linakhala muyezo wagolide wozindikiritsa mapuloteni a membrane, njira za ayoni, ndi zolandilira - zomwe zimafulumizitsa kutulukira mankhwala.
• 2002 — Introduction of Xenopus tropicalis: Msuweni wa diploid uyu wa tetraploid X. laevis adatengedwa kuti akafufuze ma genomic chifukwa ma genome ake osavuta ndi osavuta kutsata ndikuwongolera.
• 2016 — Kutsatizana Kwa Genome Yathunthu ya X. laevis: Kufalitsidwa kwa X. laevis genome yathunthu mu Chilengedwe kunapereka mapu okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha majini ndi chisinthiko cha biology.

Kodi Kafukufuku wa Xenopus Akuima Pati Masiku Ano?

Lero, Xenopus akadali pamalire a madera angapo ofufuza. Mu biology yachitukuko, ikupitilizabe kuunikira momwe ma nkhwangwa amthupi amakhazikitsira, momwe ziwalo zimapangidwira, komanso momwe maukonde owongolera ma gene amagwirizanirana ndi zovuta zodabwitsa za embryogenesis. Mu pharmacology, oocyte expression system imagwiritsiridwa ntchito nthawi zonse kuyang'ana odwala omwe akuloza mapuloteni a nembanemba omwe ali ndi khunyu mpaka kugunda kwamtima.

Mliri wa COVID-19 udatsindikanso kufunika kwa chule: Xenopus oocyte adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikiritsa cholandilira cha ACE2 ndikufufuza momwe SARS-CoV-2 imalowera m'maselo amunthu. Cholengedwa chomwe chinapezeka m'madambo a kum'mwera kwa Sahara chinakhala chothandizira mwakachetechete ku sayansi ya mliri - kuwonetsa momwe maziko oyambira opangira kafukufuku, omangidwa moleza mtima kwa zaka zambiri, amapereka phindu pakagwa zovuta zosayembekezereka.

Kwa ofufuza omwe amayang'anira mapulojekiti ovuta, omwe ali ndi magawo angapo m'magulu akulu akulu, zovuta zamabungwe zimawonetsa zomwe bizinesi iliyonse yomwe ikukula imakumana nayo. Mapulatifomu ngati Mewayz — okhala ndi ma module 207 ophatikizika omwe amathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito oposa 138,000 - amawonetsa malingaliro omwewo omwe ali mu kafukufuku wa Xenopus: pangani makina odalirika, osunthika kamodzi, ndikuloleza kuti azitha kutulukira pamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kwazaka zikubwerazi.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Nchifukwa chiyani Xenopus amagwiritsidwabe ntchito pomwe zamoyo zatsopano monga zebrafish zilipo?

Xenopus ndi zebrafish ndi zida zothandizira, osati zopikisana. Mazira a Xenopus ndi mazira ndi aakulu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti jekeseni wa microinjection ndi kupanga opaleshoni kukhala kosavuta. Dongosolo la mawu a oocyte la mapuloteni a membrane alibe chofanana ndi zebrafish. Ngakhale kuti zebrafish imapereka kusinthika kwa majini ndi kuwonetsetsa kwa maso pazithunzi zamoyo, Xenopus imakhalabe yapamwamba pa maphunziro a biochemical, kufotokoza kwakukulu kwa mapuloteni, ndi kuyesa kwakale kwa embryological.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Xenopus laevis ndi Xenopus tropicalis?

X. laevis ndi allotetraploid - imanyamula makope anayi a chromosome iliyonse, zotsatira za zochitika zakale za kubwereza kwa ma genome. Kuvuta kwa majini kumeneku kumapangitsa kusintha kwa ma genetic kukhala kovuta. X. tropicalis ndi diploid, yokhala ndi makope awiri a chromosome pa gulu lililonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovomerezeka kwambiri pakusintha ma gene motengera CRISPR ndikupititsa patsogolo zowonera. Ma laboratories amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito X. tropicalis ya genetics ndi X. laevis ya cell biology ndi ntchito yofotokozera mapuloteni.

Kodi Xenopus idathandizira bwanji kupanga mankhwala opangidwa ndi mRNA?

Xenopus oocyte anali m'gulu la machitidwe oyambirira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza kuti mRNA yopangidwa ikhoza kumasuliridwa kukhala mapuloteni ogwira ntchito mkati mwa selo lamoyo. Ofufuza adagwiritsa ntchito dongosololi m'ma 1970 ndi 1980s kuti awonetse zofunikira pakumasulira koyenera kwa mRNA, ndikuyika maziko amakanidwe omwe adadziwitsa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mRNA ndi katemera omwe adapangidwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. Dongosolo la oocyte lidathandiziranso kutsimikizira njira zoperekera komanso kukhathamiritsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka codon pamankhwala achire.

Mbiri ya Xenopus ndi umboni wa zomwe sayansi yoleza mtima, yoyendetsedwa ndi chidwi ingathe kukwaniritsa - chamoyo chimodzi chosunthika chomwe chimatsegula chidziwitso cha embryology, genetics, pharmacology, ndi zamankhwala pazaka pafupifupi zana. Ngati mukupanga china chake ndi chikhumbo chanthawi yayitali mubizinesi yanu, Mewayz imapereka nsanja yophatikizika kuti ithandizire — ma module 207, oyambira $19/mwezi, opangidwa kuti akule molingana ndi zolinga zanu. Yambani kuyesa kwanu kwaulere pa app.mewayz.com lero.