Ekitabo ky’okuddamu okukola n’okuddaabiriza PCB [pdf].

Key Insight: Okuddamu okukola kwa PCB okusinga ebbeeyi kye kika ky’olina okukola emirundi ebiri. Okussa ssente mu byuma ebituufu ebikwata ku bbugumu n’okutendeka abaddukanya emirimu kisasula amagoba agasukka wala ssente ezisaasaanyizibwa mu maaso — data y’amakolero bulijjo eraga nti ssente z’okuddamu okukola zeeyongera n’ensonga 10 ku buli mutendera ogusinga okuva ku kusooka okukola.

Ebyuma ki n’ebikozesebwa ki by’olina okwetaaga okuddaabiriza PCB?

Okuddaabiriza PCB okutuuka ku buwanguzi kutandikira ku kuba n'ebikozesebwa ebituufu. Ebyuma ebitaliiko maanyi oba ebitali bituufu bivunaanyizibwa ku kitundu ekinene eky’okwonooneka okw’okubiri mu kiseera ky’okuddamu okukola. Wano waliwo ekitabo ekikulu eky’ebikozesebwa mu kuddamu okukola n’okuddaabiriza PCB ey’omutindo gw’ekikugu:

• Hot Air Rework Station: Siteegi esobola okuteekebwa mu pulogulaamu ng’erina entuuyo ezikyusibwakyusibwa okuggyawo SMD n’okukola BGA. Noonya okufuga okutambula kw’empewo wakati wa 0–120 L/min n’obutuufu bw’ebbugumu erya ±1°C.
• Ekyuma eky’okusoda nga kiriko obukodyo obulungi: Kyetaagisa okukyusa ebitundu ebiyita mu kinnya, okusiba waya, n’okuddaabiriza trace. Ekyuma ekifugibwa ebbugumu mu 250–380°C kya mutindo.
• Flux ne Solder Paste: Flux etali nnyonjo yettanirwa mu mbeera ezisinga ez’omulembe. Kozesa ekikuta kya solder ekikwatagana n’ebiragiro byo ebya aloy (SAC305 ku bipande ebitaliimu lead, Sn63/Pb37 ku bipande ebirimu lead).
• PCB Preheater oba Infrared Bottom Heater: Ekendeeza ku bbugumu n’okuziyiza okuwuguka nga efumbisa olubaawo mu ngeri y’emu okuva wansi mu kiseera ky’okuggyawo ebitundu.
• Enkola ya Microscope n’okukebera: Microscope ya stereo (ku kigero ekitakka wansi wa 10x magnification) era ekisinga obulungi ekintu eky’okukebera mu maaso mu ngeri ey’obwengula (AOI) okusobola okukakasa oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukola.
• Desoldering Pump and Wick: Ebikozesebwa mu kuggya solder mu byuma n’emisuwa okusobola okugogola vias, okuyonja paadi, n’okuteekateeka surfaces okukyusa ebitundu.
• Conformal Coating Pen and Stripper: Yeetaagibwa ku bipande ebikola mu mbeera enkambwe ng’okusiiga kulina okuggyibwa mu kitundu n’okuddamu okusiigibwa oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukola.

Okwata Otya Okusoomoozebwa kw'okuddamu okukola kwa BGA ne SMD mu nsi entuufu?

Okuddamu okukola ku BGA kitwalibwa nnyo ng’omulimu gw’okuddaabiriza PCB ogusinga okusaba olw’ensengekera y’ekiyungo kya solder ekikwekeddwa n’obungi bw’ebiyungo ebiyungibwa. Enkola ya BGA ey’okuddamu okukola ku mutindo erimu emitendera ena: okuggyawo ebitundu, okuteekateeka ekifo, okuteeka omupiira gwa solder (reballing), n’okuddamu okukulukuta okufugibwa.

Mu kiseera ky’okuteekateeka ekifo, solder yonna esigaddewo erina okuggyibwa ku paadi nga tukozesa braid ne flux, oluvannyuma okuyonjebwa n’omwenge gwa isopropyl (IPA) oba ekyuma eky’enjawulo ekiggyamu flux. Olwo pad coplanarity epimibwa — enkyukakyuka yonna mu buwanvu bwa pad esukka microns 50 esobola okukosa obwesigwa bw’ekiyungo oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukulukuta.

Ku bitundu bya SMD, enkola eno nnyangu nnyo naye yeetaaga okufaayo kyenkanyi ku mbeera ya paadi n’obusobozi bwa solderability. Paadi ezirimu omukka oba ezirimu obucaafu ze zisinga okuvaako okuggulawo okutali kwa mazzi oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukola. Okusiimuula okw’ebyuma okutono n’ekkalaamu ya fiberglass nga kugobererwa okusiiga flux kulongoosa nnyo okufukirira kwa solder n’omutindo gw’ebiyungo.

Okunoonyereza ku mbeera okuva mu bakola endagaano bulijjo kulaga nti okutendeka abaddukanya emirimu n’ebiragiro by’emirimu ebituufu bikendeeza ku miwendo gy’okugwa kw’okuddamu okukola ebitundu 40–60% bw’ogeraageranya n’enkola ez’ekiseera. Okuwandiika buli mulimu gw’okuddamu okukola — omuli ebifaananyi by’ebbugumu ebikozesebwa, ebitundu ebikyusiddwa, n’ebiva mu kwekebejja — kitondekawo likodi y’omutindo elondoolebwa eyetaagisa eri amakolero agafugibwa ng’eby’omu bwengula, ebyuma eby’obujjanjabi, n’ebyuma by’emmotoka.

PCB Eddamu Okukola Etya Bw’ogeraageranya n’Okukyusa Board Enzijuvu?

Okusalawo okuddamu okukola okusinziira ku kukyusa PCB mu musingi kwekenneenya eby’enfuna n’akabi. Okuddamu okukola okutwalira awamu kwettanirwa nga ssente z’ebitundu ziri waggulu, ebiseera by’okukulembera biwanvu, oba bboodi erimu obudde bwa yinginiya obw’amaanyi mu dizayini yaayo. Okukyusa bboodi enzijuvu kifuuka ekisinga obulungi ng’okwonooneka kunene, bboodi ya ssente ntono, oba obulabe bw’okuddamu okukola bukosa obwesigwa bw’emirimu.

Mu mbeera z’okufulumya ez’ekyokulabirako n’ez’obuzito obutono, okuddamu okukola kumpi bulijjo kuba kwa ssente nnyingi. Mu kukola ebintu mu bungi, enkyukakyuka za kalkulasi — okwekebejja okw’obwengula n’emiwendo gy’obulema obufugibwa biyinza okufuula okukyusa okubeera okulungi mu by’enfuna singa ssente z’abakozi okuddamu okukola zisukka ssente za scrap ku minzaani.

Emitindo gy’amakolero nga IPC-7711/7721 (Rework, Modification and Repair of Electronic Assemblies) giwa enkola ey’okujuliza ekozesebwa mu nsi yonna abakola ebyuma eby’amasannyalaze okunnyonnyola enkola ezikkirizibwa ez’okuddamu okukola, okutuukiriza ebisaanyizo by’omukugu mu by’ekikugu, n’okuteekawo emisingi gy’okukebera. Okugoberera omutindo gwa IPC kitera okuba ekyetaagisa mu ndagaano eri abagaba eby’okwerinda n’eby’omu bwengula.

Ensobi ki ezisinga okukolebwa mu kuddaabiriza PCB era Ozeewala Otya?

N’abakugu abalina obumanyirivu basanga emitego mu kuddamu okukola PCB. Ensobi ezisinga okukolebwa mulimu okukozesa obudde obuyitiridde obw’okubeera mu bbugumu (ekireeta pad delamination), okukozesa kemiko ya flux enkyamu (okulekawo ebisigadde ebikulukuta), okubuuka enzirukanya y’ebbugumu nga tebinnabaawo (okuleeta thermal shock), n’okulemererwa okukakasa omutindo gw’ekiyungo kya solder n’okukebera X-ray oluvannyuma lwa BGA reballing.

Okwewala ensobi zino kyetaagisa okufuga enkola okutegekeddwa: ebiragiro by’emirimu ebiwandiikiddwa, ebifaananyi by’ebbugumu ebikakasibwa, okulondoola ebintu, n’okukebera okukakasibwa oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukola. Ebibiina ebiddukanya emirimu gya Hardware ebizibu biganyulwa nnyo mu kussa enkola zino wakati mu nkola y’okuddukanya bizinensi emu nga ebiwandiiko, okugaba emirimu, n’ebiwandiiko by’omutindo birondoolebwa mu kifo kimu.

Ebibuuzo Ebitera Okubuuzibwa

Njawulo ki eriwo wakati w’okuddamu okukola PCB n’okuddaabiriza PCB?

PCB rework kitegeeza okutereeza oba okukyusa olubaawo olutannayita mu kwekebejjebwa — ebiseera ebisinga kikolebwa mu kiseera ky’okukola oba okukola prototyping. Okuddaabiriza PCB kitegeeza okuzzaawo emirimu ku bboodi eyabadde emaze okukola era n’eremererwa. Bombi bakozesa obukodyo obufaanagana naye nga bwawukana mu bunene, ebyetaago by’ebiwandiiko, n’omutindo gw’omutindo ogukozesebwa.

PCB ezisiigiddwa mu ngeri ya conformal zisobola okuddamu okukolebwa?

Yee, ebipande ebisiigiddwa mu ngeri ya conformal bisobola okuddamu okukolebwa, naye ekizigo kiteekwa okusooka okuggyibwa mu kitundu nga tukozesa eddagala eriggyamu eddagala, micro abrasion, oba enkola ez’ebbugumu ezisaanira ekika ky’okusiiga (acrylic, urethane, silicone, oba epoxy). Oluvannyuma lw’okuddamu okukola, ekitundu kirina okuyonjebwa, okwekebejjebwa, n’okuddamu okusiigibwa okusinziira ku nteekateeka eyasooka okukuuma obukuumi bw’obutonde.

Ntegeera ntya nga PCB esukka okuddaabirizibwa?

Ekipande kitera okutwalibwa ng’ekitali kya kuddaabiriza nga kyoleka okwonooneka okw’amaanyi okw’okulondoola okw’emitendera mingi, okukutuka okw’amaanyi mu layeri eziwera, okugwa kwa paadi ya BGA nga layeri ey’omunda ekutuse, oba ng’omuwendo n’akabi k’okuddamu okukola bisukka omuwendo gw’olubaawo. Okukebera ku X-ray, okwekenneenya ebitundu ebisala, n’okugezesa amasannyalaze bye bikozesebwa okusalawo kuno mu butuufu.

Okuddukanya emirimu gya hardware, enkola y’emirimu ey’omutindo, ebiwandiiko, n’okukwasaganya ttiimu mu bizinensi yonna ey’okufulumya oba okuddaabiriza PCB kyetaagisa okusinga obukugu mu by’ekikugu — kyetaagisa omukutu oguzimbibwa ku mutendera gw’emirimu. Mewayz nkola ya bizinensi ya modulo 207 ekozesebwa abakugu abasukka mu 138,000 okuddukanya buli kitundu kya bizinensi yaabwe, okuva ku nkola y’emirimu gya pulojekiti n’okukolagana kwa ttiimu okutuuka ku CRM n’okwekenneenya — okutandika ne doola 19 zokka/omwezi.

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