Xenopus ka tariku surun dɔ

Xenopus, n’o ye Afiriki wuluwulu ye, o ye ɲɛnamaya sɔrɔcogo kɛ san kɛmɛ ni kɔ kɔnɔ — k’a ta kɔnɔmaya sɛgɛsɛgɛli fɔlɔw la san 1930 waatiw la ka se Nobɛl ka laadalata sɔrɔlenw ma minnu ye fɛnw kɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ, minnu ye dɔnniya tun b’a miiri ko min bɛ se ka kɛ, olu ɲɛfɔ kokura. Xenopus ɲininiw ka arc faamuyali b’a jira cogo min na jilafɛn majiginlen dɔ kɛra misali fɛnɲɛnama barikama dɔ ye bi ɲɛnamayako la.

Xenopus ye mun ye tigitigi ani mun na dɔnnikɛlaw y' a sugandi ?

Xenopus laevis ye wulu ye min tɛ kan ye , ji la , a bɛ sɔrɔ Sahara woroduguyanfan Afiriki . A tɔgɔ min Bɔra Gɛrɛkikan na, o kɔrɔ ye "sen kabakoma" — a bɛ 'kùnbiri-kùnbiri-kùnbiri-kùnbiri-kùnbiri-kùnbiri-kùnkolo saba la a kɔfɛ-bolow kan. Dɔnniyakɛlaw y’u sama ka na Xenopus fɛ kun nafama caman kosɔn : musomanninw ka bon fo u minɛni ka nɔgɔn, u bɛ balo ka ɲɛ laboratuwari cogoyaw la, wa u kɔnɔw ka bon kosɛbɛ n’i y’u suma ni kolotuguda fanba ta ye, o b’a to selilu baara bɛ kɛ ka ɲɛ mikroskɔpu kɔnɔ.

A tɛ i n' a fɔ ɲininikɛla bagan caman , Xenopus bɛ se ka bila ka kɔnɔbara bɔ ni a ɲinina ɔrimɔni pikiri fɛ , ka kɔnɔ kɛmɛ caman lase a waati kelen na . O dannaya in y’a to a tɛ se ka bila a nɔ na denw ka laboratuwaraw kɔnɔ diɲɛ kɔnɔ, wa a ye sira di ɲinini ciyɛn dɔ ma min bɛ dɔnniya labɛn hali bi — i n’a fɔ jagokɛyɔrɔ min dilannen don koɲuman, o bɛ jusigilan dannamɔgɔ da cogo min na, min bɛ jiginɛ baara bɛɛ nɔgɔya.

Sɛnɔpu donna dɔnniya ɲɛnama fɔlɔ cogo di ?

Maana in bɛ daminɛ san 1930 waatiw la ni Afiriki tilebinyanfan kɔnɔbarako dɔnbaga dɔ ye min tɔgɔ ye ko Lancelot Hogben . Hogben y’a ye ko ni muso ka sugunɛ pikiri kɛra Xenopus wulu musoman dɔ la, o bɛna kɛ sababu ye ka kɔnɔw da lɛrɛ damadɔ kɔnɔ — ni muso kɔnɔma don. Adamadenw ka gonadotropin chorionic (hCG), n’o ye ɔrimɔni ye min bɛ bɔ kɔnɔmaya waati, o de ye o jaabi daminɛ. "Hogben sɛgɛsɛgɛli" kɛra kɔnɔmaya sɛgɛsɛgɛli fɔlɔ ye min bɛ se ka da a kan biologiki la, wa a kɛra diɲɛ kɔnɔ fo ka se kemikɛli sɛgɛsɛgɛliw ma a nɔ na san 1960 waatiw la.

Nin baara fɔlɔ in kɛra ka tɛmɛ kɔnɔmaya sɛgɛsɛgɛli kan . A ye Xenopus sigi senkan i n’a fɔ danfɛn min bɛ hadamadenw ka ɔrimɔni ni farikolojɔli dumuniw jaabi cogo kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen na, k’a jira ko nafa caman bɛ yen, ɲininikɛlaw bɛna san tan caman kɛ min dabɔli la.

Jɛkulu ye mun ye min ye fɛn bɛɛ Changé ?

Waatiba min kɛra Xenopus tariku kɔnɔ, o kɛra san 1962, tuma min na tubabu yiriwali ɲɛnamayako dɔnbaga John Gurdon ye kɔrɔbɔli dɔ kɛ, dɔnkotɔn ye min ban a daminɛ na k’a fɔ ko a tɛ se ka kɛ. Gurdon ye Xenopus kɔnɔbara dɔ nucleus bɔ ka banakɔtaa selilɛri kɔgɔlen dɔ nucleus bila a nɔ na. Kɔnɔ in yiriwara ka kɛ wuluwulu kɛnɛman ye.

ye

"Hakilila jɔnjɔn min bɔra Gurdon ka Xenopus baara la, o tun ye ko danfara tɛ fɛn ye min tɛ se ka segin kɔ — ko fɛnɲɛnama dɔ ka jamu porogaramu dafalen bɛ to ka kodɔn seli kelen-kelen bɛɛ kɔnɔ, ka makɔnɔni kɛ ka da wuli. O kɔlɔsili kelen in ye hakilinata jusigilan sigi bi cloning ni stem cell ɲinini bɛɛ la."

Gurdon ka nukilila cili y' a jira ko balikuw ka seliluw bɛ jamu cikan dafalenw mara minnu ka kan ka kɛ walasa ka fɛnɲɛnama bɛɛ jɔ . Dɔnniya diɲɛ tun tɛna o nafa dɔn kosɛbɛ fo san 2012, Gurdon ye Nobɛl ka laadalata sɔrɔ farikoloɲɛnajɛ walima furakɛli la ni Shinya Yamanaka ye. San bi duuru ye kɔrɔbɔli in ni a Nobɛl ka dɔnniya fara ɲɔgɔn kan — hakilijigin min b’a jira ko fɛn caman tigɛli baara bɛ baara kɛ tuma caman na waati jan kɔnɔ.

Xenopus ɲinini tariku kɔnɔ, fɛnba jumɛnw kɛra ?

Xenopus ka dɛmɛ don dɔnniya la, o bɛ tali kɛ kalan caman na ani san tan caman na. Yɛlɛmaba minnu nafa ka bon kosɛbɛ olu bɛ duguma:

• 1930 waatiw — Hogben kɔnɔmaya sɛgɛsɛgɛli : Xenopus kɛcogo fɔlɔ min kɛra hadamadenw ka furakɛli la , ka saɲɔ ka setigiya sabati ɔrimɔni taamasiɲɛw la .
• 1962 — Gurdon ka nukilila jiginni : A y’a jira ko farikolokisɛw ka selilɛriw bɛ se ka yiriwali dafalen ɲɛminɛ , ka miiriliw wuli selilɛriw ka danfara kan .
• 1971 — ARNm jiracogo : Xenopus oocytes sɔrɔla ka ARNm pikirilen baara ka ɲɛ ka kɛ farikolojɔli dumuniw ye minnu bɛ baara kɛ, o bɛ baarakɛminɛn barikama dɔ dilan walasa ka jeninida sɔrɔlenw sɛgɛsɛgɛ.
• 1990 waatiw — Iyɔn kanal ɲinini : kɔnɔbara jiracogo kɛra sanu sariya ye min bɛ kɛ ka membrane proteines, ion channels, ani receptors taamasiɲɛw jira — ka fura sɔrɔli teliya k’a ɲɛsin a yɛrɛ ma.
• 2002 — Xenopus tropicalis daminɛni : Nin tetaraploid X. laevis balimakɛ diploid in minɛna ka kɛ jamu ɲinini ye bawo a ka jamu nɔgɔman ka nɔgɔn ka tugu ɲɔgɔn kɔ ani k’a baara.
• 2016 — X. laevis ka jamu dafalenw sigiyɔrɔmali : X. laevis ka jamu dafalen bɔli Nature kɔnɔ, o ye kartiba di yiriwali jamu ni fɛnɲɛnamaw ka fɛnɲɛnamayali ma.

Xenopus ɲininiw jɔlen bɛ min bi waati in na ?

Bi , Xenopus tora ɲininikɛyɔrɔ caman dancɛ la . Yiriwali ɲɛnamayako la, a bɛ taa a fɛ ka yeelen bɔ farikolo yɔrɔw bɛ sigi cogo min na, farikolo yɔrɔw bɛ dilan cogo min na, ani cogo min na jeninida ɲɛnabɔli rezow bɛ denw bɔli gɛlɛya kabakomaw labɛn. Furakɛcogo la, kɔnɔbara jiracogo bɛ kɛ tuma bɛɛ walasa ka furakɛlikɛlaw sɛgɛsɛgɛ minnu bɛ membrane proteines laɲini minnu sen bɛ cogoyaw la k’a ta sɔgɔsɔgɔninjɛ la ka se dusukun tantanni ma.

COVID-19 banakisɛ fana y' a jira ko saɲɔ in nafa ka bon : Xenopus oocytes kɛra ka ACE2 minɛbaga taamasiɲɛw jira ani ka sɛgɛsɛgɛli kɛ SARS-CoV-2 bɛ don hadamadenw ka selilɛriw kɔnɔ cogo min na . Danfɛn dɔ min sɔrɔla Sahara woroduguyanfan jisigiyɔrɔw la, o kɛra dɛmɛbaga ye min bɛ kɛ ni dususuma ye banakisɛfagalanw dɔnniya la — o b’a jira cogo min na ɲininikɛla jɔnjɔnw, minnu jɔra ni muɲuli ye san tan caman kɔnɔ, olu bɛ nafa lase gɛlɛya waatiw la minnu ma labɛn.

Ɲininikalaw minnu bɛ porozɛ gɛlɛnw ɲɛnabɔ, minnu bɛ taabolo caman kɛ jɛkulubaw kɔnɔ, jɛkulu ka gɛlɛya bɛ baarakɛda o baarakɛda min bɛ ka bonya, o bɛ o jira. Plateformes i n’a fɔ Mewayz — ni modulu 207 jɛlenw bɛ baara kɛ ni baarakɛla 138.000 ni kɔ ye — olu bɛ o hakilina kelen jira min bɛ Xenopus ɲininiw kɔnɔ : ka sigida dɔ jɔ min bɛ se ka da a kan, min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn caman ye siɲɛ kelen, ani k’a to a ka fanga sɔrɔ sɔrɔli la baarakɛminɛn caman kɔnɔ san nataw kɔnɔ.

Ɲininkali minnu bɛ kɛ tuma caman na

mun na Xenopus bɛ baara kɛ hali bi k' a sɔrɔ misali fɛnɲɛnama kuraw i n' a fɔ zebra jɛgɛw bɛ yen ?

Xenopus ni zebrafish ye baarakɛminɛnw ye minnu bɛ ɲɔgɔn dafa , u tɛ ɲɔgɔn sɔrɔ . Xenopus kɔnɔw ni denw ka bon kosɛbɛ, o bɛ pikiri mikoro ni opereli kɛcogo nɔgɔya. Oocyte expression system for membrane proteins tɛ kelen ye zebra jɛgɛ la. Hali ni zebra jɛgɛw bɛ jamu minɛcogo ni ɲɛnayeli jɛlen di ja ɲɛnamaw ta kama, Xenopus bɛ to ka fisa ni biyokimiki kalanw ye, farikolojɔlifɛnw jiracogobaw la, ani denw ka klasiki kɔlɔsiliw la.

danfara jumɛn bɛ Xenopus laevis ni Xenopus tropicalis cɛ ?

X. laevis ye allotetraploïde ye — a bɛ kolosinsinnan kelen-kelen bɛɛ kopi naani ta, o ye jamu kɔrɔlenw ka ɲɔgɔn falen-falen ko kɛlenw nɔ ye. O jamu gɛlɛya in bɛ jamu sɛgɛsɛgɛli laɲinilen kɛ gɛlɛya ye. X. tropicalis ye diploid ye, ni kolosinsinnan kopi fila bɛ a fila kelen-kelen bɛɛ la, o b’a to a bɛ se ka kɛ kosɛbɛ CRISPR-based genes editing ani forward genetic screens. Bi laboratuwariw ka teli ka baara kɛ ni X. tropicalis ye jenɛtiki la ani X. laevis ye selilɛriw ka ɲɛnamayako ni farikolojɔli baara la.

Xenopus ye dɛmɛ don cogo di furakɛli la min sinsinnen bɛ ARNm kan ?

Xenopus oocytes tun bɛ fɛɛrɛ fɔlɔw cɛ minnu kɛra walasa k’a jira ko ARNm sintetiki bɛ se ka baara kɛ ni farikolojɔlifɛnw ye minnu bɛ baara kɛ selilɛri ɲɛnama kɔnɔ. Ɲininikalaw ye baara kɛ ni nin fɛɛrɛ in ye san 1970 ni 1980 waatiw bɛɛ la walasa ka ARNm bamanankan baarakɛcogo ɲuman wajibiyalenw jira, ka fɛɛrɛw sigi senkan minnu ye kunnafoni di ARNm furakɛlicogo ni bolociw dilanni kan minnu labɛnna san tan caman o kɔfɛ. Oocyte system fana ye dɛmɛ don ka jiginni fɛɛrɛw tiɲɛ ani ka kodɔnw baaracogo ɲuman kɛ furakɛli la.

Xenopus tariku ye seereya ye min b’a jira ko dɔnniya min bɛ muɲu, n’a bɛ ɲinini kɛ, o bɛ se ka min sɔrɔ — fɛnɲɛnama kelen min bɛ se ka kɛ fɛn caman ye, o bɛ hakilinaw da wuli denw ka dɔnniya, jamu, furakɛli, ani furakɛli siratigɛ la san kɛmɛ ɲɔgɔn kɔnɔ. N’i ​​bɛ fɛn dɔ jɔ ni o ŋaniya kuntaalajan kelen in ye i ka jago la, Mewayz bɛ sigida jɛlen di walasa k’a dɛmɛ — modulu 207, minnu bɛ daminɛ dɔrɔmɛ 19 dɔrɔn na kalo kɔnɔ, minnu dabɔra ka bonya i ka laɲiniw kɛrɛfɛ. aw ka kɔrɔbɔli fu daminɛ app.mewayz.com kan bi .